2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines
Clinical Practice Guideline: Full Text
Abstract
Aim
The “2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure” replaces the “2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure” and the “2017 ACC/AHA/HFSA Focused Update of the 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure.” The 2022 guideline is intended to provide patient-centric recommendations for clinicians to prevent, diagnose, and manage patients with heart failure.
Methods
A comprehensive literature search was conducted from May 2020 to December 2020, encompassing studies, reviews, and other evidence conducted on human subjects that were published in English from MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE, the Cochrane Collaboration, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, and other relevant databases. Additional relevant clinical trials and research studies, published through September 2021, were also considered. This guideline was harmonized with other American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology guidelines published through December 2021.
Structure
Heart failure remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally. The 2022 heart failure guideline provides recommendations based on contemporary evidence for the treatment of these patients. The recommendations present an evidence-based approach to managing patients with heart failure, with the intent to improve quality of care and align with patients’ interests. Many recommendations from the earlier heart failure guidelines have been updated with new evidence, and new recommendations have been created when supported by published data. Value statements are provided for certain treatments with high-quality published economic analyses.
Preamble
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1.4. Scope of the Guideline
1. "2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2013;62:e147-e239.
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1.5. Class of Recommendation and Level of Evidence
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2.1. Stages of HF
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2.2. Classification of HF by Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF)
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2.3. Diagnostic Algorithm for Classification of HF According to LVEF
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3.1. Epidemiology of HF
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3.2. Cause of HF
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4.1. Clinical Assessment: History and Physical Examination
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4.1.1. Initial Laboratory and Electrocardiographic Testing
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4.2. Use of Biomarkers for Prevention, Initial Diagnosis, and Risk Stratification
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14. "N-terminal-pro-brain natriuretic peptide predicts outcome after hospital discharge in heart failure patients". Circulation . 2004;110:2168-2174.
15. "A rapid bedside test for B-type peptide predicts treatment outcomes in patients admitted for decompensated heart failure: a pilot study". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2001;37:386-391.
16. "Admission B-type natriuretic peptide levels and in-hospital mortality in acute decompensated heart failure". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2007;49:1943-1950.
17. "Predischarge B-type natriuretic peptide assay for identifying patients at high risk of re-admission after decompensated heart failure". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2004;43:635-641.
18. "Primary results of the Rapid Emergency Department Heart Failure Outpatient Trial (REDHOT). A multicenter study of B-type natriuretic peptide levels, emergency department decision making, and outcomes in patients presenting with shortness of breath". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2004;44:1328-1333.
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22. "Pre-discharge, but not admission, levels of NT-proBNP predict adverse prognosis following acute LVF". Eur J Heart Fail . 2003;5:499-506.
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35. "B-type natriuretic peptide levels in obese patients with advanced heart failure". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2006;47:85-90.
36. "Obesity and suppressed B-type natriuretic peptide levels in heart failure". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2004;43:1590-1595.
37. "Effect of natriuretic peptide-guided therapy on hospitalization or cardiovascular mortality in high-risk patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction: a randomized clinical trial". JAMA . 2017;318:713-720.
38. "Natriuretic peptide response and outcomes in chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2019;74:1205-1217.
39. "Economic and quality-of-life outcomes of natriuretic peptide-guided therapy for heart failure". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2018;72:2551-2562.
40. "Prognostic value of high-sensitivity troponin T in chronic heart failure: an individual patient data meta-analysis". Circulation . 2018;137:286-297.
41. "High-sensitivity cardiac troponin and new-onset heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 67,063 patients with 4,165 incident heart failure events". J Am Coll Cardiol HF . 2018;6:187-197.
42. "TACIT (High Sensitivity Troponin T Rules Out Acute Cardiac Insufficiency Trial)". Circ Heart Fail . 2019;12: e005931.
43. "Biomarkers of myocardial stress and fibrosis as predictors of mode of death in patients with chronic heart failure". J Am Coll Cardiol HF . 2014;2:260-268.
44. "Galectin-3, a marker of cardiac fibrosis, predicts incident heart failure in the community". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2012;60:1249-1256.
45. "Comparison of the diastolic stress test with a combined resting echocardiography and biomarker approach to patients with exertional dyspnea: diagnostic and prognostic implications". J Am Coll Cardiol Img . 2019;12:771-780.
46. "Limited added value of circulating inflammatory biomarkers in chronic heart failure". J Am Coll Cardiol HF . 2017;5:256-264.
47. "sST2 predicts outcome in chronic heart failure beyond NT-proBNP and high-sensitivity troponin T". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2018;72:2309-2320.
48. "Head-to-head comparison of serial soluble ST2, growth differentiation factor-15, and highly-sensitive troponin T measurements in patients with chronic heart failure". J Am Coll Cardiol HF . 2014;2:65-72.
49. "ST2 and prognosis in chronic heart failure". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2018;72:2321-2323.
50. "Renal function, congestive heart failure, and amino-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide measurement: results from the ProBNP Investigation of Dyspnea in the Emergency Department (PRIDE) Study". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2006;47:91-97.
51. "Plasma brain natriuretic peptide concentration: impact of age and gender". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2002;40:976-982.
52. "Impact of age and sex on plasma natriuretic peptide levels in healthy adults". Am J Cardiol . 2002;90:254-258.
53. "Associations among androgens, estrogens, and natriuretic peptides in young women: observations from the Dallas Heart Study". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2007;49:109-116.
4.3. Genetic Evaluation and Testing
1. "Prognosis and clinical characteristics of dilated cardiomyopathy with family history via pedigree analysis". Circ J . 2020;84:1284-1293.
2. "Inpatient detection of cardiac-inherited disease: the impact of improving family history taking". Open Heart . 2016;3: e000329.
3. "The landscape of genetic variation in dilated cardiomyopathy as surveyed by clinical DNA sequencing". Genet Med . 2014;16:601-608.
4. "Atlas of the clinical genetics of human dilated cardiomyopathy". Eur Heart J . 2015;36:1123-1135a.
5. "Integrated allelic, transcriptional, and phenomic dissection of the cardiac effects of titin truncations in health and disease". Sci Transl Med . 2015;7:270ra6.
6. "Genetic risk of arrhythmic phenotypes in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2019;74:1480-1490.
7. "Exercise increases age-related penetrance and arrhythmic risk in arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy-associated desmosomal mutation carriers". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2013;62:1290-1297.
4.4. Evaluation With Cardiac Imaging
1. "How well can the chest radiograph diagnose left ventricular dysfunction?"J Gen Intern Med . 1996;11:625-634.
2. "Diagnostic value of B-type natriuretic peptide and chest radiographic findings in patients with acute dyspnea". Am J Med . 2004;116:363-368.
3. "Impact of echocardiography in patients hospitalized for heart failure: a prospective observational study". Arch Cardiovasc Dis . 2008;101:465-473.
4. "Left ventricular remodeling with carvedilol in patients with congestive heart failure due to ischemic heart disease. Australia-New Zealand Heart Failure Research Collaborative Group". J Am Coll Cardiol . 1997;29:1060-1066.
5. "Avoiding untimely implantable cardioverter/defibrillator implantation by intensified heart failure therapy optimization supported by the wearable cardioverter/defibrillator-the PROLONG study". J Am Heart Assoc . 2017;6: e004512.
6. "Association of change in N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide following initiation of sacubitril-valsartan treatment with cardiac structure and function in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction". JAMA . 2019;322:1-11.
7. "Recovery of ventricular function after myocardial infarction in the reperfusion era: the healing and early afterload reducing therapy study". Ann Intern Med . 2001;134:451-458.
8. "Comparison of left ventricular ejection fraction and volumes in heart failure by echocardiography, radionuclide ventriculography and cardiovascular magnetic resonance; are they interchangeable?"Eur Heart J . 2000;21:1387-1396.
9. "Comparison of interstudy reproducibility of cardiovascular magnetic resonance with two-dimensional echocardiography in normal subjects and in patients with heart failure or left ventricular hypertrophy". Am J Cardiol . 2002;90:29-34.
10. "Dimensional accuracy of magnetic resonance in studies of the heart". Lancet . 1985;1:1360-1362.
11. "ACC/AATS/AHA/ASE/ASNC/HRS/SCAI/SCCT/SCMR/STS 2019 appropriate use criteria for multimodality imaging in the assessment of cardiac structure and function in nonvalvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, American Heart Association, American Society of Echocardiography, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Heart Rhythm Society, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2019;73:488-516.
12. "Comparison and reproducibility of visual echocardiographic and quantitative radionuclide left ventricular ejection fractions". Am J Cardiol . 1996;77:843-850.
13. "CT compared to MRI for functional evaluation of the right ventricle: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Eur Radiol . 2019;29:6816-6828.
14. "Noninvasive evaluation of global and regional left ventricular function using computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging: a meta-analysis". Eur Radiol . 2017;27:1640-1659.
15. "Quantification of left and right ventricular function and myocardial mass: comparison of low-radiation dose 2nd generation dual-source CT and cardiac MRI". Eur J Radiol . 2012;81:e598-e604.
16. "Cardiovascular T2-star (T2∗) magnetic resonance for the early diagnosis of myocardial iron overload". Eur Heart J . 2001;22:2171-2179.
17. "EuroCMR (European Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance) registry: results of the German pilot phase". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2009;54:1457-1466.
18. "European Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (EuroCMR) registry-multi national results from 57 centers in 15 countries". J Cardiovasc Magn Reson . 2013;15:9.
19. "Noncontrast T1 mapping for the diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis". J Am Coll Cardiol Img . 2013;6:488-497.
20. "Magnetic resonance in transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2017;70:466-477.
21. "Native T1 mapping in differentiation of normal myocardium from diffuse disease in hypertrophic and dilated cardiomyopathy". J Am Coll Cardiol Img . 2013;6:475-484.
22. "Noncontrast myocardial T1 mapping using cardiovascular magnetic resonance for iron overload". J Magn Reson Imaging . 2015;41:1505-1511.
23. "Identification and assessment of Anderson-Fabry disease by cardiovascular magnetic resonance noncontrast myocardial T1 mapping". Circ Cardiovasc Imaging . 2013;6:392-398.
24. "Effect of myocardial ischemia during dobutamine stress echocardiography on cardiac mortality in patients with heart failure secondary to ischemic cardiomyopathy". Am J Cardiol . 2005;96:469-473.
25. "Relationship of myocardial perfusion imaging findings to outcome of patients with heart failure and suspected ischemic heart disease". Am Heart J . 2004;147:714-720.
26. "Computed tomography coronary angiography for patients with heart failure (CTA-HF): a randomized controlled trial (IMAGE-HF 1C)". Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging . 2021;22:1083-1090.
27. "Coronary angiography in worsening heart failure: determinants, findings and prognostic implications". Heart . 2018;104:606-613.
28. "Myocardial viability testing and impact of revascularization on prognosis in patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction: a meta-analysis". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2002;39:1151-1158.
29. "Increasing benefit from revascularization is associated with increasing amounts of myocardial hibernation: a substudy of the PARR-2 trial". J Am Coll Cardiol Img . 2009;2:1060-1068.
30. "Identification of therapeutic benefit from revascularization in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction: inducible ischemia versus hibernating myocardium". Circ Cardiovasc Imaging . 2013;6:363-372.
31. "Myocardial viability for decision-making concerning revascularization in patients with left ventricular dysfunction and coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis of non-randomized and randomized studies". Int J Cardiol . 2015;182:494-499.
32. "The extent of perfusion-F18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography mismatch determines mortality in medically treated patients with chronic ischemic left ventricular dysfunction". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2005;46:1264-1269.
33. "Prevalence of negative chest radiography results in the emergency department patient with decompensated heart failure". Ann Emerg Med . 2006;47:13-18.
34. "Assessing the risk of progression from asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction to overt heart failure: a systematic overview and meta-analysis". J Am Coll Cardiol HF . 2016;4:237-248.
35. "Prognostic implications of echocardiographically determined left ventricular mass in the Framingham Heart Study". N Engl J Med . 1990;322:1561-1566.
36. "Correlation with invasive left ventricular filling pressures and prognostic relevance of the echocardiographic diastolic parameters used in the 2016 ESC heart failure guidelines and in the 2016 ASE/EACVI recommendations: a systematic review in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction". Eur J Heart Fail . 2018;20:1303-1311.
37. "Influence of ejection fraction on cardiovascular outcomes in a broad spectrum of heart failure patients". Circulation . 2005;112:3738-3744.
38. "Prognostic implications of left ventricular strain by speckle-tracking echocardiography in the general population: a meta-analysis". Vasc Health Risk Manag . 2019;15:229-251.
39. "Burden of systolic and diastolic ventricular dysfunction in the community: appreciating the scope of the heart failure epidemic". JAMA . 2003;289:194-202.
40. "Right ventricular dysfunction in left-sided heart failure with preserved versus reduced ejection fraction". Eur J Heart Fail . 2017;19:1664-1671.
41. "Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging". J Am Soc Echocardiogr . 2015;28:1-39.e14.
42. "Recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging". J Am Soc Echocardiogr . 2016;29:277-314.
43. "Global longitudinal strain by echocardiography predicts long-term risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in a low-risk general population: the Copenhagen City Heart Study". Circ Cardiovasc Imaging . 2017;10: e005521.
44. "Prognostic implications of global LV dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of global longitudinal strain and ejection fraction". Heart . 2014;100:1673-1680.
45. "Left ventricular longitudinal systolic function analysed by 2D speckle-tracking echocardiography in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a meta-analysis". Open Heart . 2017;4: e000630.
46. "Prognostic importance of impaired systolic function in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and the impact of spironolactone". Circulation . 2015;132:402-414.
47. "Hand-carried echocardiography in heart failure and heart failure risk population: a community based prospective study". J Am Soc Echocardiogr . 2011;24:125-131.
48. "Hand-carried ultrasound performed by hospitalists: does it improve the cardiac physical examination?"Am J Med . 2009;122:35-41.
49. "Diagnostic accuracy of point-of-care lung ultrasonography and chest radiography in adults with symptoms suggestive of acute decompensated heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis". JAMA Netw Open . 2019;2: e190703.
50. "Lung ultrasound in acute heart failure: prevalence of pulmonary congestion and short- and long-term outcomes". J Am Coll Cardiol HF . 2019;7:849-858.
51. "Lung ultrasound integrated with clinical assessment for the diagnosis of acute decompensated heart failure in the emergency department: a randomized controlled trial". Eur J Heart Fail . 2019;21:754-766.
52. "Combined use of lung ultrasound, B-type natriuretic peptide, and echocardiography for outcome prediction in patients with acute HFrEF and HFpEF". Clin Res Cardiol . 2018;107:586-596.
53. "Long-term recovery of left ventricular function after primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction". Eur Heart J . 2001;22:785-790.
54. "Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the effects of carvedilol in patients with moderate to severe heart failure. The PRECISE Trial. Prospective Randomized Evaluation of Carvedilol on Symptoms and Exercise". Circulation . 1996;94:2793-2799.
55. "Effect of cardiac resynchronization therapy on left ventricular size and function in chronic heart failure". Circulation . 2003;107:1985-1990.
56. "Factors associated with improvement in ejection fraction in clinical practice among patients with heart failure: findings from IMPROVE HF". Am Heart J . 2012;163:49-56.e2.
57. "Effects of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril on the long-term progression of left ventricular dysfunction in patients with heart failure. SOLVD Investigators". Circulation . 1992;86:431-438.
58. "Effect of empagliflozin on left ventricular volumes in patients with type 2 diabetes, or prediabetes, and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (SUGAR-DM-HF)". Circulation . 2021;143:516-525.
59. "Evolution of functional mitral regurgitation and prognosis in medically managed heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction". J Am Coll Cardiol HF . 2017;5:652-659.
60. "Heart failure with recovered left ventricular ejection fraction: JACC Scientific Expert Panel". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2020;76:719-734.
61. "2018 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of adults with congenital heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2019;73:e81-e192.
62. "Direct comparison of the diagnostic capability of cardiac magnetic resonance and endomyocardial biopsy in patients with heart failure". Eur J Heart Fail . 2013;15:166-175.
63. "Performance of delayed-enhancement magnetic resonance imaging with gadoversetamide contrast for the detection and assessment of myocardial infarction: an international, multicenter, double-blinded, randomized trial". Circulation . 2008;117:629-637.
64. "Contrast-enhanced MRI and routine single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) perfusion imaging for detection of subendocardial myocardial infarcts: an imaging study". Lancet . 2003;361:374-379.
65. "Differentiation of heart failure related to dilated cardiomyopathy and coronary artery disease using gadolinium-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance". Circulation . 2003;108:54-59.
66. "Late gadolinium enhancement-cardiovascular magnetic resonance identifies coronary artery disease as the aetiology of left ventricular dysfunction in acute new-onset congestive heart failure". Eur J Echocardiogr . 2009;10:968-974.
67. "Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in nonischemic myocardial inflammation: expert recommendations". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2018;72:3158-3176.
68. "Association between extracellular matrix expansion quantified by cardiovascular magnetic resonance and short-term mortality". Circulation . 2012;126:1206-1216.
69. "Equilibrium contrast cardiovascular magnetic resonance for the measurement of diffuse myocardial fibrosis: preliminary validation in humans". Circulation . 2010;122:138-144.
70. "Comprehensive validation of cardiovascular magnetic resonance techniques for the assessment of myocardial extracellular volume". Circ Cardiovasc Imaging . 2013;6:373-383.
71. "Comparing CMR mapping methods and myocardial patterns toward heart failure outcomes in nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy". J Am Coll Cardiol Img . 2019;12:1659-1669.
72. "CMR imaging predicts death and other adverse events in suspected cardiac sarcoidosis". J Am Coll Cardiol Img . 2013;6:501-511.
73. "Late gadolinium enhancement on cardiac magnetic resonance predicts adverse cardiovascular outcomes in nonischemic cardiomyopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Circ Cardiovasc Imaging . 2014;7:250-258.
74. "Impact of unrecognized myocardial scar detected by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging on event-free survival in patients presenting with signs or symptoms of coronary artery disease". Circulation . 2006;113:2733-2743.
75. "Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging findings and the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with recent myocardial infarction or suspected or known coronary artery disease: a systematic review of prognostic studies". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2014;63:1031-1045.
76. "Use of cardiovascular magnetic resonance for risk stratification in chronic heart failure: prognostic value of late gadolinium enhancement in patients with non-ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy". Heart . 2011;97:727-732.
77. "Prognostic value of late gadolinium enhancement cardiovascular magnetic resonance in cardiac amyloidosis". Circulation . 2015;132:1570-1579.
78. "OUTSMART HF: a randomized controlled trial of routine versus selective cardiac magnetic resonance for patients with nonischemic heart failure (IMAGE-HF 1B)". Circulation . 2020;141:818-827.
79. "Risk factors for congestive heart failure in US men and women: NHANES I epidemiologic follow-up study". Arch Intern Med . 2001;161:996-1002.
80. "F-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography imaging-assisted management of patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction and suspected coronary disease: a randomized, controlled trial (PARR-2)". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2007;50:2002-2012.
81. "Myocardial viability and survival in ischemic left ventricular dysfunction". N Engl J Med . 2011;364:1617-1625.
82. "Myocardial viability and long-term outcomes in ischemic cardiomyopathy". N Engl J Med . 2019;381:739-748.
83. "2013 ACCF/ACR/ASE/ASNC/SCCT/SCMR appropriate utilization of cardiovascular imaging in heart failure: a joint report of the American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria Committee and the American College of Cardiology Foundation Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2013;61:2207-2231.
4.5. Invasive Evaluation
1. "The role of endomyocardial biopsy in the management of cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association, the American College of Cardiology, and the European Society of Cardiology. Endorsed by the Heart Failure Society of America and the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2007;50:1914-1931.
2. "Tafamidis treatment for patients with transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy". N Engl J Med . 2018;379:1007-1016.
3. "Evaluation study of congestive heart failure and pulmonary artery catheterization effectiveness: the ESCAPE trial". JAMA . 2005;294:1625-1633.
4. "Impact of the pulmonary artery catheter in critically ill patients: meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials". JAMA . 2005;294:1664-1670.
5. "Complications of transvenous right ventricular endomyocardial biopsy in adult patients with cardiomyopathy: a seven-year survey of 546 consecutive diagnostic procedures in a tertiary referral center". J Am Coll Cardiol . 1992;19:43-47.
6. "Acute thrombus formation as a complication of right ventricular biopsy". J Am Soc Echocardiogr . 2010;23:1039-1044.
7. "ACC/AATS/AHA/ASE/ASNC/SCAI/SCCT/STS 2017 appropriate use criteria for coronary revascularization in patients with stable ischemic heart disease". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2017;69:2212-2241.
8. "Coronary-artery bypass surgery in patients with left ventricular dysfunction". N Engl J Med . 2011;364:1607-1616.
9. "Coronary-artery bypass surgery in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy". N Engl J Med . 2016;374:1511-1520.
4.6. Wearables and Remote Monitoring (Including Telemonitoring and Device Monitoring)
1. "Wireless pulmonary artery haemodynamic monitoring in chronic heart failure: a randomised controlled trial". Lancet . 2011;377:658-666.
2. "Wireless pulmonary artery pressure monitoring guides management to reduce decompensation in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction". Circ Heart Fail . 2014;7:935-944.
3. "Pulmonary artery pressure-guided management of patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2017;70:1875-1886.
4. "Haemodynamic-guided management of heart failure (GUIDE-HF): a randomised controlled trial". Lancet . 2021;398:991-1001.
5. "Pulmonary artery pressure-guided heart failure management: US cost-effectiveness analyses using the results of the CHAMPION clinical trial". Eur J Heart Fail . 2017;19:652-660.
6. "Cost-effectiveness of implantable pulmonary artery pressure monitoring in chronic heart failure". J Am Coll Cardiol HF . 2016;4:368-375.
7. "Cost-effectiveness of remote cardiac monitoring with the CardioMEMS heart failure system". Clin Cardiol . 2017;40:430-436.
8. "Impact of practice-based management of pulmonary artery pressures in 2000 patients implanted with the CardioMEMS sensor". Circulation . 2017;135:1509-1517.
9. "Ambulatory hemodynamic monitoring reduces heart failure hospitalizations in "real-world" clinical practice". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2017;69:2357-2365.
10. "Association of ambulatory hemodynamic monitoring of heart failure with clinical outcomes in a concurrent matched cohort analysis". JAMA Cardiol . 2019;4:556-563.
11. "Effectiveness of remote patient monitoring after discharge of hospitalized patients with heart failure: the Better Effectiveness After Transition-Heart Failure (BEAT-HF) randomized clinical trial". JAMA Intern Med . 2016;176:310-318.
12. "Telemonitoring versus standard care in heart failure: a randomised multicentre trial". Eur J Heart Fail . 2020;22:985-994.
13. "Fluid status telemedicine alerts for heart failure: a randomized controlled trial". Eur Heart J . 2016;37:3154-3363.
14. "Effects of remote monitoring on clinical outcomes and use of healthcare resources in heart failure patients with biventricular defibrillators: results of the MORE-CARE multicentre randomized controlled trial". Eur J Heart Fail . 2017;19:416-425.
15. "Implant-based multiparameter telemonitoring of patients with heart failure (IN-TIME): a randomised controlled trial". Lancet . 2014;384:583-590.
16. "Effect of telemonitoring of cardiac implantable electronic devices on healthcare utilization: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials in patients with heart failure". Eur J Heart Fail . 2016;18:195-204.
17. "Remote management of heart failure using implantable electronic devices". Eur Heart J . 2017;38:2352-2360.
18. "Remote monitoring of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical outcomes". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2015;65:2591-2600.
19. "Overview of the 2011 Food and Drug Administration circulatory system devices panel of the medical devices advisory committee meeting on the CardioMEMS Champion Heart Failure Monitoring System". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2013;61:1571-1576.
20. "CardioMEMS HF for the management of heart failure-effectiveness and value". JAMA Intern Med . 2016;176:1551-1552.
21. "Real-world data on heart failure readmission reduction: real or real uncertain?"J Am Coll Cardiol . 2017;69:2366-2368.
22. "Structured telephone support or non-invasive telemonitoring for patients with heart failure". Cochrane Database Syst Rev . 2015. CD007228.
23. "Efficacy of telemedical interventional management in patients with heart failure (TIM-HF2): a randomised, controlled, parallel-group, unmasked trial". Lancet . 2018;392:1047-1057.
4.7. Exercise and Functional Capacity Testing
1. "Nomenclature and Criteria for Diagnosis of Diseases of the Heart and Great Vessels". 9th ed. Little, Brown & Co, 1994.
2. "Higher New York Heart Association classes and increased mortality and hospitalization in patients with heart failure and preserved left ventricular function". Am Heart J . 2006;151:444-450.
3. "One-year mortality among unselected outpatients with heart failure". Eur Heart J . 2002;23:1861-1866.
4. "Comprehensive analysis of cardiopulmonary exercise testing and mortality in patients with systolic heart failure: the Henry Ford Hospital cardiopulmonary exercise testing (FIT-CPX) project". J Card Fail . 2015;21:710-718.
5. "Cardiopulmonary exercise testing and prognosis in heart failure due to systolic left ventricular dysfunction: a validation study of the European Society of Cardiology Guidelines and Recommendations (2008) and further developments". Eur J Prev Cardiol . 2012;19:32-40.
6. "The 2013 International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation Guidelines for mechanical circulatory support: executive summary". J Heart Lung Transplant . 2013;32:157-187.
7. "Value of peak exercise oxygen consumption for optimal timing of cardiac transplantation in ambulatory patients with heart failure". Circulation . 1991;83:778-786.
8. "The 2016 International Society for Heart Lung Transplantation listing criteria for heart transplantation: a 10-year update". J Heart Lung Transplant . 2016;35:1-23.
9. "Six minute walk test predicts long-term all-cause mortality and heart failure rehospitalization in African-American patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure". J Card Fail . 2009;15:130-135.
10. "Prediction of mortality and morbidity with a 6-minute walk test in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. SOLVD Investigators". JAMA . 1993;270:1702-1707.
11. "The 6-minute walk is associated with frailty and predicts mortality in older adults with heart failure". Congest Heart Fail . 2010;16:208-213.
12. "6-min walk test provides prognostic utility comparable to cardiopulmonary exercise testing in ambulatory outpatients with systolic heart failure". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2012;60:2653-2661.
13. "6 min walk test is a strong independent predictor of death in outpatients with heart failure". ESC Heart Fail . 2020;7:2904-2911.
14. "Variables measured during cardiopulmonary exercise testing as predictors of mortality in chronic systolic heart failure". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2016;67:780-789.
15. "Six-minute walk distance predicts 30-day readmission after acute heart failure hospitalization". Heart Lung . 2017;46:287-292.
16. "Inspiratory muscle strength and six-minute walking distance in heart failure: prognostic utility in a 10 years follow up cohort study". PLoS One . 2019;14: e0220638.
17. "An official American Thoracic Society statement: update on the mechanisms, assessment, and management of dyspnea". Am J Respir Crit Care Med . 2012;185:435-452.
18. "Hemodynamic correlates and diagnostic role of cardiopulmonary exercise testing in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction". J Am Coll Cardiol HF . 2018;6:665-675.
19. "The 6-minute walk: a new measure of exercise capacity in patients with chronic heart failure". Can Med Assoc J . 1985;132:919-923.
20. "Test-retest reliability of six-minute walk tests over a one-year period in patients with chronic heart failure". Clin Physiol Funct Imaging . 2020;40:284-289.
21. "Examination of the six minute walk test to determine functional capacity in people with chronic heart failure: a systematic review". Cardiopulm Phys Ther J . 2010;21:13-21.
22. "Cardiopulmonary exercise testing: what is its value?"J Am Coll Cardiol . 2017;70:1618-1636.
23. "Limitations of the New York Heart Association functional classification system and self-reported walking distances in chronic heart failure". Heart . 2007;93:476-482.
24. "Usefulness of peak exercise oxygen consumption and the heart failure survival score to predict survival in patients >65 years of age with heart failure". Am J Cardiol . 2009;103:998-1002.
25. "Impact of beta-blocker therapy on functional capacity criteria for heart transplant listing". J Heart Lung Transplant . 2003;22:78-86.
26. "Timing of cardiac transplantation in patients with heart failure receiving beta-adrenergic blockers". J Heart Lung Transplant . 2003;22:1141-1148.
27. "Prognostic value of 6-minute walk corridor test in patients with mild to moderate heart failure: comparison with other methods of functional evaluation". Eur J Heart Fail . 2003;5:247-252.
28. "Clinician’s guide to cardiopulmonary exercise testing in adults: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association". Circulation . 2010;122:191-225.
4.8. Initial and Serial Evaluation: Clinical Assessment: HF Risk Scoring
1. "Development and prospective validation of a clinical index to predict survival in ambulatory patients referred for cardiac transplant evaluation". Circulation . 1997;95:2660-2667.
2. "The Seattle Heart Failure Model: prediction of survival in heart failure". Circulation . 2006;113:1424-1433.
3. "Predicting survival in heart failure: a risk score based on 39 372 patients from 30 studies". Eur Heart J . 2013;34:1404-1413.
4. "Predictors of mortality and morbidity in patients with chronic heart failure". Eur Heart J . 2006;27:65-75.
5. "Predictors of fatal and non-fatal outcomes in the Controlled Rosuvastatin Multinational Trial in Heart Failure (CORONA): incremental value of apolipoprotein A-1, high-sensitivity C-reactive peptide and N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide". Eur J Heart Fail . 2009;11:281-291.
6. "Prognostic models derived in PARADIGM-HF and validated in ATMOSPHERE and the Swedish Heart Failure Registry to predict mortality and morbidity in chronic heart failure". JAMA Cardiol . 2020;5:432-441.
7. "Factors related to morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure with systolic dysfunction: the HF-ACTION predictive risk score model". Circ Heart Fail . 2012;5:63-71.
8. "Clinical factors related to morbidity and mortality in high-risk heart failure patients: the GUIDE-IT predictive model and risk score". Eur J Heart Fail . 2019;21:770-778.
9. "Factors associated with outcome in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: findings from the Irbesartan in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction Study (I-PRESERVE)". Circ Heart Fail . 2011;4:27-35.
10. "Machine learning prediction of mortality and hospitalization in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction". J Am Coll Cardiol HF . 2020;8:12-21.
11. "Risk stratification for in-hospital mortality in acutely decompensated heart failure: classification and regression tree analysis". JAMA . 2005;293:572-580.
12. "A validated risk score for in-hospital mortality in patients with heart failure from the American Heart Association Get With The Guidelines program". Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes . 2010;3:25-32.
13. "Predicting mortality among patients hospitalized for heart failure: derivation and validation of a clinical model". JAMA . 2003;290:2581-2587.
14. "Triage after hospitalization with advanced heart failure: the ESCAPE (Evaluation Study of Congestive Heart Failure and Pulmonary Artery Catheterization Effectiveness) risk model and discharge score". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2010;55:872-878.
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September 29, 2021 .18. "EFFECT heart failure mortality prediction". 2016. http://wwwccortca/Research/CHFRiskModelhtml. Accessed
September 16, 2020 .
5.1. Patients at Risk Factor for HF (Stage A-Primary Prevention)
1. "Treatment of hypertension in patients 80 years of age or older". N Engl J Med . 2008;358:1887-1898.
2. "Blood pressure lowering for prevention of cardiovascular disease and death: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Lancet . 2016;387:957-967.
3. "Prevention of heart failure by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension. SHEP Cooperative Research Group". JAMA . 1997;278:212-216.
4. "Randomised double-blind comparison of placebo and active treatment for older patients with isolated systolic hypertension. The Systolic Hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) Trial Investigators". Lancet . 1997;350:757-764.
5. "Effects of blood pressure-lowering treatment. 6. Prevention of heart failure and new-onset heart failure-meta-analyses of randomized trials". J Hypertens . 2016;34:373-384.
6. "Effect of intensive blood pressure treatment on heart failure events in the Systolic Blood Pressure Reduction Intervention Trial". Circ Heart Fail . 2017;10: e003613.
7. "A randomized trial of intensive versus standard blood-pressure control". N Engl J Med . 2015;373:2103-2116.
8. "The progression from hypertension to congestive heart failure". JAMA . 1996;275:1557-1562.
9. "Systolic blood pressure and incident heart failure in the elderly. The Cardiovascular Health Study and the Health, Ageing and Body Composition Study". Heart . 2011;97:1304-1311.
10. "Canagliflozin and cardiovascular and renal events in type 2 diabetes". N Engl J Med . 2017;377:644-657.
11. "Dapagliflozin and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes". N Engl J Med . 2019;380:347-357.
12. "Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 diabetes". N Engl J Med . 2015;373:2117-2128.
13. "Contribution of major lifestyle risk factors for incident heart failure in older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study". J Am Coll Cardiol HF . 2015;3:520-528.
14. "Lifestyle factors in relation to heart failure among Finnish men and women". Circ Heart Fail . 2011;4:607-612.
15. "Effects of physical activity and sedentary time on the risk of heart failure". Circ Heart Fail . 2014;7:21-27.
16. "Joint effects of physical activity, body mass index, waist circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio on the risk of heart failure". Circulation . 2010;121:237-244.
17. "American Heart Association's Life’s Simple 7: avoiding heart failure and preserving cardiac structure and function". Am J Med . 2015;128:970-976.e2.
18. "Adherence to a Mediterranean diet is associated with reduced risk of heart failure in men". Eur J Heart Fail . 2016;18:253-259.
19. "Consistency with the DASH diet and incidence of heart failure". Arch Intern Med . 2009;169:851-857.
20. "Relation of consistency with the dietary approaches to stop hypertension diet and incidence of heart failure in men aged 45 to 79 years". Am J Cardiol . 2009;104:1416-1420.
21. "Dietary patterns and incident heart failure in U.S. adults without known coronary disease". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2019;73:2036-2045.
22. "Natriuretic peptide-based screening and collaborative care for heart failure: the STOP-HF randomized trial". JAMA . 2013;310:66-74.
23. "PONTIAC (NT-proBNP selected prevention of cardiac events in a population of diabetic patients without a history of cardiac disease): a prospective randomized controlled trial". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2013;62:1365-1372.
24. "Profile for estimating risk of heart failure". Arch Intern Med . 1999;159:1197-1204.
25. "Incident heart failure prediction in the elderly: the health ABC heart failure score". Circ Heart Fail . 2008;1:125-133.
26. "Prediction of incident heart failure in general practice: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study". Circ Heart Fail . 2012;5:422-429.
27. "Lifestyle modifications for preventing and treating heart failure". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2018;72:2391-2405.
28. "2019 ACC/AHA guideline on the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2019;74:e177-e232.
29. "10-year risk equations for incident heart failure in the general population". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2019;73:2388-2397.
30. "2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2018;71:e127-e248.
31. "SGLT2 inhibitors for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcome trials". Lancet . 2019;393:31-39.
32. "The transition from hypertension to heart failure: contemporary update". J Am Coll Cardiol HF . 2017;5:543-551.
33. "Effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors for the treatment of patients with heart failure: proposal of a novel mechanism of action". JAMA Cardiol . 2017;2:1025-1029.
34. "SGLT2 inhibitors and mechanisms of cardiovascular benefit: a state-of-the-art review". Diabetologia . 2018;61:2108-2117.
35. "Practical guide to prescribing sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors for cardiologists". J Am Coll Cardiol HF . 2019;7:169-172.
36. "Use of risk models to predict death in the next year among individual ambulatory patients with heart failure". JAMA Cardiol . 2017;2:435-441.
37. "How to read articles that use machine learning: users’ guides to the medical literature". JAMA . 2019;322:1806-1816.
6.1. Management of Stage B: Preventing the Syndrome of Clinical HF in Patients With Pre-HF
1. "Effect of enalapril on mortality and the development of heart failure in asymptomatic patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions". N Engl J Med . 1992;327:685-691.
2. "Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction: results of the Survival and Ventricular Enlargement Trial. The SAVE Investigators". N Engl J Med . 1992;327:669-677.
3. "Effect of enalapril on 12-year survival and life expectancy in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction: a follow-up study". Lancet . 2003;361:1843-1848.
4. "A clinical trial of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor trandolapril in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Trandolapril Cardiac Evaluation (TRACE) Study Group". N Engl J Med . 1995;333:1670-1676.
5. "Intensive statin therapy in acute coronary syndromes and stable coronary heart disease: a comparative meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials". Heart . 2007;93:914-921.
6. "N-terminal Pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, vascular disease risk, and cholesterol reduction among 20,536 patients in the MRC/BHF heart protection study". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2007;49:311-319.
7. "The effect of statin therapy on heart failure events: a collaborative meta-analysis of unpublished data from major randomized trials". Eur Heart J . 2015;36:1536-1546.
8. "Intensive statin therapy and the risk of hospitalization for heart failure after an acute coronary syndrome in the PROVE IT-TIMI 22 study". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2006;47:2326-2331.
9. "Comparative effect of atorvastatin (80 mg) versus simvastatin (20 to 40 mg) in preventing hospitalizations for heart failure in patients with previous myocardial infarction". Am J Cardiol . 2009;103:1381-1385.
10. "Valsartan, captopril, or both in myocardial infarction complicated by heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction, or both". N Engl J Med . 2003;349:1893-1906.
11. "Effect of carvedilol on outcome after myocardial infarction in patients with left-ventricular dysfunction: the CAPRICORN randomised trial". Lancet . 2001;357:1385-1390.
12. "Beta-adrenergic blocking agent use and mortality in patients with asymptomatic and symptomatic left ventricular systolic dysfunction: a post hoc analysis of the studies of left ventricular dysfunction". J Am Coll Cardiol . 1999;33:916-923.
13. "Additive beneficial effects of beta-blockers to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in the Survival and Ventricular Enlargement (SAVE) Study. SAVE Investigators". J Am Coll Cardiol . 1997;29:229-236.
14. "Prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator in patients with myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction". N Engl J Med . 2002;346:877-883.
15. "A randomized, placebo-controlled trial assessing the effects of rosiglitazone on echocardiographic function and cardiac status in type 2 diabetic patients with New York Heart Association Functional class I or II heart failure". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2007;49:1696-1704.
16. "The effect of diltiazem on mortality and reinfarction after myocardial infarction". N Engl J Med . 1988;319:385-392.
17. "Diltiazem increases late-onset congestive heart failure in postinfarction patients with early reduction in ejection fraction". Circulation . 1991;83:52-60.
18. "Prevalence and prognostic significance of heart failure stages: application of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association heart failure staging criteria in the community". Circulation . 2007;115:1563-1570.
19. "Heart failure stages among older adults in the community: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study". Circulation . 2017;135:224-240.
20. "Diagnosis of nonischemic stage B heart failure in type 2 diabetes mellitus: optimal parameters for prediction of heart failure". J Am Coll Cardiol Img . 2018;11:1390-1400.
21. "Prevalence, neurohormonal correlates, and prognosis of heart failure stages in the community". J Am Coll Cardiol HF . 2016;4:808-815.
22. "Prognostic implications of left ventricular strain by speckle-tracking echocardiography in the general population: a meta-analysis". Vasc Health Risk Manag . 2019;15:229-251.
23. "Global longitudinal strain by echocardiography predicts long-term risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in a low-risk general population: the Copenhagen City Heart Study". Circ Cardiovasc Imaging . 2017;10: e005521.
24. "Assessing the risk of progression from asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction to overt heart failure: a systematic overview and meta-analysis". J Am Coll Cardiol HF . 2016;4:237-248.
25. "Natural history of asymptomatic left ventricular systolic dysfunction in the community". Circulation . 2003;108:977-982.
26. "Echocardiographic screening for non-ischaemic stage B heart failure in the community". Eur J Heart Fail . 2016;18:1331-1339.
27. "Assessing the risk of progression from asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction to overt heart failure: a systematic overview and meta-analysis". J Am Coll Cardiol HF . 2016;4:237-248.
28. "The development of heart failure in patients with diabetes mellitus and pre-clinical diastolic dysfunction a population-based study". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2010;55:300-305.
29. "Progression of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction and risk of heart failure". JAMA . 2011;306:856-863.
30. "Subclinical myocardial impairment in metabolic diseases". J Am Coll Cardiol Img . 2017;10:692-703.
31. "Subclinical LV dysfunction and 10-year outcomes in type 2 diabetes mellitus". Heart . 2015;101:1061-1066.
32. "Early aldosterone blockade in acute myocardial infarction: the ALBATROSS randomized clinical trial". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2016;67:1917-1927.
33. "Early eplerenone treatment in patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction without heart failure: the Randomized Double-Blind Reminder Study". Eur Heart J . 2014;35:2295-2302.
34. "Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction". N Engl J Med . 2003;348:1309-1321.
35. "Prospective ARNI vs. ACE inhibitor trial to DetermIne Superiority in reducing heart failure Events after Myocardial Infarction (PARADISE-MI): design and baseline characteristics". Eur J Heart Fail . 2021;23:1040-1048.
36. "Effect of captopril on progressive ventricular dilatation after anterior myocardial infarction". N Engl J Med . 1988;319:80-86.
37. "Treatment of patients with symptomless left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction". Lancet . 1988;1:255-259.
38. "VALsartan In Acute myocardial iNfarcTion (VALIANT) trial: baseline characteristics in context". Eur J Heart Fail . 2003;5:537-544.
39. "Effects of losartan and captopril on mortality and morbidity in high-risk patients after acute myocardial infarction: the OPTIMAAL randomised trial. Optimal Trial in Myocardial Infarction with Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan". Lancet . 2002;360:752-760.
40. "Angiotensin-receptor blockade in acute myocardial infarction-a matter of dose". N Engl J Med . 2003;349:1963-1965.
41. "Effects of carvedilol on left ventricular remodeling after acute myocardial infarction: the CAPRICORN Echo Substudy". Circulation . 2004;109:201-206.
42. "2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA guideline on the management of blood cholesterol: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2019;73:e285-e350.
43. "Metoprolol reverses left ventricular remodeling in patients with asymptomatic systolic dysfunction: the REversal of VEntricular Remodeling with Toprol-XL (REVERT) trial". Circulation . 2007;116:49-56.
44. "Beta-blockers for heart failure with reduced, mid-range, and preserved ejection fraction: an individual patient-level analysis of double-blind randomized trials". Eur Heart J . 2018;39:26-35.
45. "Diltiazem improves cardiac function and exercise capacity in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Results of the diltiazem in dilated cardiomyopathy trial". Circulation . 1996;94:346-352.
46. "Effect of verapamil on mortality and major events after acute myocardial infarction (the Danish Verapamil Infarction Trial II--DAVIT II)". Am J Cardiol . 1990;66:779-785.
47. "Pioglitazone use and heart failure in patients with type 2 diabetes and preexisting cardiovascular disease: data from the PROactive study (PROactive 08)". Diabetes Care . 2007;30:2773-2778.
48. "Heart failure events with rosiglitazone in type 2 diabetes: data from the RECORD clinical trial". Eur Heart J . 2010;31:824-831.
49. "Congestive heart failure and cardiovascular death in patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes given thiazolidinediones: a meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials". Lancet . 2007;370:1129-1136.
50. "Pioglitazone and heart failure: results from a controlled study in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and systolic dysfunction". J Card Fail . 2008;14:445-452.
51. "2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2013;61:e78-e140.
52. "2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2014;64:e139-e228.
53. "2015 ACC/AHA/SCAI focused update on primary percutaneous coronary intervention for patients with st-elevation myocardial infarction: an update of the 2011 ACCF/AHA/SCAI guideline for percutaneous coronary intervention and the 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2016;67:1235-1250.
54. "2021 ACC/AHA/SCAI guideline for coronary artery revascularization: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2022;79:e21-e129.
55. "2014 ACC/AHA/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS focused update of the guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, and the American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2014;64:1929-1949.
56. "2011 ACCF/AHA guideline for coronary artery bypass graft surgery. a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Developed in collaboration with the American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2011;58:e123-e210.
57. "2017 AHA/ACC focused update of the 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2017;70:252-289.
58. "2020 ACC/AHA guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2021;77:e25-e197.
59. "2018 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of adults with congenital heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2019;73:e81-e192.
7.1.1. Self-Care Support in HF
1. "Systematic review of multidisciplinary interventions in heart failure". Heart . 2005;91:899-906.
2. "Multidisciplinary strategies for the management of heart failure patients at high risk for admission: a systematic review of randomized trials". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2004;44:810-819.
3. "Effectiveness of the pharmacist-involved multidisciplinary management of heart failure to improve hospitalizations and mortality rates in 4630 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". J Card Fail . 2019;25:744-756.
4. "Disease management interventions for heart failure". Cochrane Database Syst Rev . 2019;1:CD002752.
5. "Do self-management interventions work in patients with heart failure? An individual patient data meta-analysis". Circulation . 2016;133:1189-1198.
6. "Structured telephone support or non-invasive telemonitoring for patients with heart failure". Cochrane Database Syst Rev . 2015. CD007228.
7. "Structured telephone support or telemonitoring programmes for patients with chronic heart failure". Cochrane Database Syst Rev . 2010. CD007228.
8. "Effects of self-management intervention on health outcomes of patients with heart failure: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials". BMC Cardiovasc Disord . 2006;6:43.
9. "Medication adherence interventions improve heart failure mortality and readmission rates: systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials". J Am Heart Assoc . 2016;5: e002606.
10. "SARS-CoV-2 vaccine effectiveness in a high-risk national population in a real-world setting". Ann Intern Med . 2021;174:1404-1408.
11. "Influenza vaccination and outcome in heart failure". Am J Cardiol . 2020;128:134-139.
12. "Influenza vaccine in heart failure". Circulation . 2019;139:575-586.
13. "Influenza vaccination and risk of hospitalization in patients with heart failure: a self-controlled case series study". Eur Heart J . 2017;38:326-333.
14. "Influenza vaccination in patients with chronic heart failure: the PARADIGM-HF trial". J Am Coll Cardiol HF . 2016;4:152-158.
15. "Effects of influenza vaccine on mortality and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis". J Am Heart Assoc . 2021;10: e019636.
16. "Higher risk for incident heart failure and cardiovascular mortality among community-dwelling octogenarians without pneumococcal vaccination". ESC Heart Fail . 2016;3:11-17.
17. "Depression and multiple rehospitalizations in patients with heart failure". Clin Cardiol . 2016;39:257-262.
18. "Major depression and long-term survival of patients with heart failure". Psychosom Med . 2016;78:896-903.
19. "Long-term effect of social relationships on mortality in patients with congestive heart failure". Int J Psychiatry Med . 2004;34:207-217.
20. "Social relationships and mortality in patients with congestive heart failure". J Psychosom Res . 2001;51:521-527.
21. "The impact of perceived and objective social isolation on hospital readmission in patients with heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies". Gen Hosp Psychiatry . 2019;60:27-36.
22. "Social support and self-care in heart failure". J Cardiovasc Nurs . 2011;26:439-445.
23. "Frailty and the risk of all-cause mortality and hospitalization in chronic heart failure: a meta-analysis". ESC Heart Fail . 2020;7:3427-3437.
24. "Frailty syndrome and self-care ability in elderly patients with heart failure". Clin Interv Aging . 2015;10:871-877.
25. "Health literacy and outcomes among patients with heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis". J Am Coll Cardiol HF . 2020;8:451-460.
26. "Relationship between literacy, knowledge, self-care behaviors, and heart failure-related quality of life among patients with heart failure". J Gen Intern Med . 2011;26:979-986.
27. "Team-based care for managing cardiac comorbidities in heart failure". Heart Fail Clin . 2015;11:407-417.
28. "Team-based care for outpatients with heart failure". Heart Fail Clin . 2015;11:379-405.
29. "Team-based care for managing noncardiac conditions in patients with heart failure". Heart Fail Clin . 2015;11:419-429.
30. "Team-based care for advanced heart failure". Heart Fail Clin . 2015;11:467-477.
31. "Multidisciplinary management of chronic heart failure: principles and future trends". Clin Ther . 2015;37:2225-2233.
32. "Team management of patients with heart failure: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Cardiovascular Nursing Council of the American Heart Association". Circulation . 2000;102:2443-2456.
33. "Assessing the quality and comparative effectiveness of team-based care for heart failure: who, what, where, when, and how". Heart Fail Clin . 2015;11:499-506.
34. "State of the science: promoting self-care in persons with heart failure: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association". Circulation . 2009;120:1141-1163.
35. "Self-care for the prevention and management of cardiovascular disease and stroke: a scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association". J Am Heart Assoc . 2017;6: e006997.
36. "Role of self-care in the patient with heart failure". Curr Cardiol Rep . 2012;14:265-275.
37. "Self care in patients with chronic heart failure". Nat Rev Cardiol . 2011;8:644-654.
38. "Knowledge is insufficient for self-care among heart failure patients with psychological distress". Health Psychol . 2014;33:588-596.
39. "mHealth education interventions in heart failure". Cochrane Database Syst Rev . 2020;7:CD011845.
40. "Effects of an educational intervention on heart failure knowledge, self-care behaviors, and health-related quality of life of patients with heart failure: exploring the role of depression". Patient Educ Couns . 2020;103:1201-1208.
41. "Randomized, controlled trial to improve self-care in patients with heart failure living in rural areas". Circulation . 2014;130:256-264.
42. "Effect of patient-centered transitional care services on clinical outcomes in patients hospitalized for heart failure: the PACT-HF randomized clinical trial". JAMA . 2019;321:753-761.
43. "Cardiac remodeling and pre-eclampsia: an overview of microRNA expression patterns". Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol . 2018;52:310-317.
44. "Coronavirus disease-2019 and heart failure: a scientific statement from the Heart Failure Society of America". J Card Fail . 2021;S1071-9164:21: 00354-00357.
45. "Clinical outcomes in patients with heart failure hospitalized with COVID-19". J Am Coll Cardiol HF . 2021;9:65-73.
46. "Temporal trends in decompensated heart failure and outcomes during COVID-19: a multisite report from heart failure referral centres in London". Eur J Heart Fail . 2020;22:2219-2224.
47. "Impact of heart failure on the clinical course and outcomes of patients hospitalized for COVID-19. Results of the Cardio-COVID-Italy multicentre study". Eur J Heart Fail . 2020;22:2238-2247.
48. "Mini-cog performance: novel marker of post discharge risk among patients hospitalized for heart failure". Circ Heart Fail . 2015;8:8-16.
49. "Self-management of heart failure in dementia and cognitive impairment: a systematic review". BMC Cardiovasc Disord . 2019;19:99.
50. "Cognitive impairment and heart failure: systematic review and meta-analysis". J Card Fail . 2017;23:464-475.
51. "Depression and heart failure: the lonely comorbidity". Eur J Heart Fail . 2020;22:2007-2017.
52. "Psychiatric and psychological interventions for depression in patients with heart disease: a scoping review". J Am Heart Assoc . 2020;9: e018686.
53. "The impact of substance abuse on heart failure hospitalizations". Am J Med . 2020;133:207-213.e1.
54. "Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype". J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci . 2001;56:M146-M156.
55. "Discussing out-of-pocket costs with patients: shared decision making for sacubitril-valsartan in heart failure". J Am Heart Assoc . 2019;8: e010635.
56. "Food insecurity is associated with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality among adults in the United States". J Am Heart Assoc . 2020;9: e014629.
57. "Diagnostic accuracy of two food insecurity screeners recommended for use in health care settings". Am J Public Health . 2017;107:1812-1817.
58. "Importance of housing and cardiovascular health and well-being: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association". Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes . 2020;13: e000089.
59. "Lives cut short: socioeconomic inequities, homelessness, and cardiovascular disease". Eur Heart J . 2020;41:4021-4023.
60. "Cardiovascular disease and homelessness". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2018;71:2585-2597.
61. "Screening for intimate partner violence, elder abuse, and abuse of vulnerable adults: US Preventive Services Task Force Final Recommendation Statement". JAMA . 2018;320:1678-1687.
62. "Risk of cardiometabolic disease and all-cause mortality in female survivors of domestic abuse". J Am Heart Assoc . 2020;9: e014580.
63. "Association between limited English proficiency and revisits and readmissions after hospitalization for patients with acute and chronic conditions in Toronto, Ontario, Canada". JAMA . 2019;322:1605-1607.
64. "Health literacy and cardiovascular disease: fundamental relevance to primary and secondary prevention: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association". Circulation . 2018;138:e48-e74.
65. "Perceived social isolation and outcomes in patients with heart failure". J Am Heart Assoc . 2018;7: e008069.
7.1.2. Dietary Sodium Restriction
1. "Salt and fluid restriction is effective in patients with chronic heart failure". Eur J Heart Fail . 2013;15:1304-1310.
2. "Impact of dietary sodium restriction on heart failure outcomes". J Am Coll Cardiol HF . 2016;4:24-35.
3. "Low- versus moderate-sodium diet in patients with recent hospitalization for heart failure: the PROHIBIT (Prevent Adverse Outcomes in Heart Failure by Limiting Sodium) pilot study". Circ Heart Fail . 2020;13: e006389.
4. "The long-term effects of dietary sodium restriction on clinical outcomes in patients with heart failure. The SODIUM-HF (Study of Dietary Intervention Under 100 mmol in Heart Failure): a pilot study". Am Heart J . 2015;169:274-281.e1.
5. "Changes in dietary intake and nutritional status associated with a significant reduction in sodium intake in patients with heart failure. A sub-analysis of the SODIUM-HF pilot study". Clin Nutr ESPEN . 2016;11:e26-e32.
6. "Home-delivered meals postdischarge from heart failure hospitalization". Circ Heart Fail . 2018;11: e004886.
7. "2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2013;62:e147-e239.
8. "The uncertainty of sodium restriction in heart failure: we can do better than this". J Am Coll Cardiol HF . 2016;4:39-41.
9. "Sodium restriction in heart failure: too much uncertainty-do the trials". JAMA Intern Med . 2018;178:1700-1701.
10. "Notice of concern". J Card Fail . 2013;19:523.
11. "Differential effect of ticagrelor versus prasugrel on coronary blood flow velocity in patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: an exploratory study". Circ Cardiovasc Interv . 2013;6:277-283.
12. "Recommended dietary pattern to achieve adherence to the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology (AHA/ACC) guidelines: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association". Circulation . 2016;134:e505-e529.
13. "Reduced salt intake for heart failure: a systematic review". JAMA Intern Med . 2018;178:1693-1700.
14. "Effect of a sodium-restricted diet on intake of other nutrients in heart failure: implications for research and clinical practice". J Card Fail . 2015;21:959-962.
15. "Micronutrient deficiency independently predicts time to event in patients with heart failure". J Am Heart Assoc . 2018;7: e007251.
16. "Nutritional intervention in malnourished hospitalized patients with heart failure". Arch Med Res . 2016;47:535-540.
17. "Insufficient calorie intake worsens post-discharge quality of life and increases readmission burden in heart failure". J Am Coll Cardiol HF . 2020;8:756-764.
18. "Effect of oral iron repletion on exercise capacity in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and iron deficiency: the IRONOUT HF randomized clinical trial". JAMA . 2017;317:1958-1966.
19. "Thiamin supplementation does not improve left ventricular ejection fraction in ambulatory heart failure patients: a randomized controlled trial". Am J Clin Nutr . 2019;110:1287-1295.
20. "Zinc deficiency and heart failure: a systematic review of the current literature". J Card Fail . 2020;26:180-189.
21. "Meta-analysis of vitamin D supplementation in the treatment of chronic heart failure". Scand Cardiovasc J . 2019;53:110-116.
22. "The effect of multiple micronutrient supplementation on left ventricular ejection fraction in patients with chronic stable heart failure: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial". J Am Coll Cardiol HF . 2014;2:308-317.
23. "Adherence to Mediterranean diet and all-cause mortality after an episode of acute heart failure: results of the MEDIT-AHF study". J Am Coll Cardiol HF . 2018;6:52-62.
24. "Aggressive fluid and sodium restriction in acute decompensated heart failure: a randomized clinical trial". JAMA Intern Med . 2013;173:1058-1064.
25. "Aggressive fluid and sodium restriction in decompensated heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: results from a randomized clinical trial". Nutrition . 2018;54:111-117.
26. "Low-sodium diet self-management intervention in heart failure: pilot study results". Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs . 2013;12:87-95.
7.1.3. Management of Stage C HF: Activity, Exercise Prescription, and Cardiac Rehabilitation
1. "Efficacy and safety of exercise training in patients with chronic heart failure: HF-ACTION randomized controlled trial". JAMA . 2009;301:1439-1450.
2. "Exercise training for systolic heart failure: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis". Eur J Heart Fail . 2010;12:706-715.
3. "Meta-analysis of aerobic interval training on exercise capacity and systolic function in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fractions". Am J Cardiol . 2013;111:1466-1469.
4. "Resistance exercise enhances oxygen uptake without worsening cardiac function in patients with systolic heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Heart Fail Rev . 2018;23:73-89.
5. "Impact of exercise rehabilitation on exercise capacity and quality-of-life in heart failure: individual participant meta-analysis". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2019;73:1430-1443.
6. "Exercise-based rehabilitation for heart failure: systematic review and meta-analysis". Open Heart . 2015;2: e000163.
7. "Exercise training meta-analysis of trials in patients with chronic heart failure (ExTraMATCH)". BMJ . 2004;328:189.
8. "Exercise-based rehabilitation for heart failure". Cochrane Database Syst Rev . 2014. CD003331.
9. "Physical rehabilitation for older patients hospitalized for heart failure". N Engl J Med . 2021;385:203-216.
10. "Exercise and heart failure: a statement from the American Heart Association Committee on Exercise, Rehabilitation, and Prevention". Circulation . 2003;107:1210-1225.
11. "Heart failure as a newly approved diagnosis for cardiac rehabilitation: challenges and opportunities". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2015;65:2652-2659.
12. "Exercise training in patients with heart failure: clinical outcomes, safety, and indications". Heart Fail Rev . 2008;13:3-11.
13. "Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation in patients with chronic heart failure: a Dutch practice guideline". Neth Heart J . 2015;23:6-17.
14. "Exercise based rehabilitation for heart failure". Cochrane Database Syst Rev . 2010. CD003331.
15. "Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for adults with heart failure". Cochrane Database Syst Rev . 2019;1:CD003331.
16. "Effects of exercise training on cardiac function, exercise capacity, and quality of life in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Heart Fail Rev . 2019;24:535-547.
17. "Clinical outcomes and cardiovascular responses to exercise training in heart failure patients with preserved ejection fraction: a systematic review and meta-analysis". J Appl Physiol (1985) . 2015;119:726-733.
18. "Exercise training in older patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction: a randomized, controlled, single-blind trial". Circ Heart Fail . 2010;3:659-667.
19. "Exercise training improves exercise capacity and diastolic function in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: results of the Ex-DHF (Exercise training in Diastolic Heart Failure) pilot study". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2011;58:1780-1791.
20. "Cardiovascular effects of 1 year of progressive endurance exercise training in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction". Am Heart J . 2012;164:869-877.
21. "Effect of endurance exercise training on endothelial function and arterial stiffness in older patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction: a randomized, controlled, single-blind trial". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2013;62:584-592.
22. "Effect of caloric restriction or aerobic exercise training on peak oxygen consumption and quality of life in obese older patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a randomized clinical trial". JAMA . 2016;315:36-46.
7.2. Diuretics and Decongestion Strategies in Patients With HF
1. "Oral torsemide in patients with chronic congestive heart failure: effects on body weight, edema, and electrolyte excretion. Torsemide Investigators Group". Pharmacotherapy . 1994;14:514-521.
2. "Six-week study of torsemide in patients with congestive heart failure". Clin Ther . 1993;15:1051-1059.
3. "Effect of diuresis on the performance of the failing left ventricle in man". Am J Med . 1981;70:234-239.
4. "The effects of oral ibopamine in patients with mild heart failure-a double blind placebo controlled comparison to furosemide. The Ibopamine Study Group". Int J Cardiol . 1993;40:221-227.
5. "Double-blind comparison of captopril alone against frusemide plus amiloride in mild heart failure". Lancet . 1987;2:709-711.
6. "Intensification of medication therapy for cardiorenal syndrome in acute decompensated heart failure". J Card Fail . 2016;22:26-32.
7. "Diuretic treatment in heart failure". N Engl J Med . 2017;377:1964-1975.
8. "Diuretic treatment for the sodium retention of congestive heart failure". Arch Intern Med . 1994;154:1905-1914.
9. "Loop diuretic prescription and 30-day outcomes in older patients with heart failure". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2020;76:669-679.
10. "Bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of torsemide and furosemide in patients with congestive heart failure". Clin Pharmacol Ther . 1995;57:601-609.
11. "Open-label randomized trial of torsemide compared with furosemide therapy for patients with heart failure". Am J Med . 2001;111:513-520.
12. "Torasemide in chronic heart failure: results of the TORIC study". Eur J Heart Fail . 2002;4:507-513.
13. "Diuretic combinations in refractory oedema states: pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships". Clin Pharmacokinet . 1996;30:229-249.
14. "The physiologic basis of diuretic synergism: its role in treating diuretic resistance". Ann Intern Med . 1991;114:886-894.
15. "Combination of loop diuretics with thiazide-type diuretics in heart failure". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2010;56:1527-1534.
16. "Diuretic strategies for loop diuretic resistance in acute heart failure: the 3T trial". J Am Coll Cardiol HF . 2020;8:157-168.
17. "Outcomes associated with a strategy of adjuvant metolazone or high-dose loop diuretics in acute decompensated heart failure: a propensity analysis". J Am Heart Assoc . 2018;7: e009149.
18. "Diuretic strategies in patients with acute decompensated heart failure". N Engl J Med . 2011;364:797-805.
7.3.1. Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibition With ACEi or ARB or ARNi
1. "Angiotensin-neprilysin inhibition versus enalapril in heart failure". N Engl J Med . 2014;371:993-1004.
2. "Initiation of sacubitril/valsartan in haemodynamically stabilised heart failure patients in hospital or early after discharge: primary results of the randomised TRANSITION study". Eur J Heart Fail . 2019;21:998-1007.
3. "Angiotensin-neprilysin inhibition in acute decompensated heart failure". N Engl J Med . 2019;380:539-548.
4. "Effect of sacubitril-valsartan vs enalapril on aortic stiffness in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction: a randomized clinical trial". JAMA . 2019;322:1077-1084.
5. "Effects of the angiotensin-receptor neprilysin inhibitor on cardiac reverse remodeling: meta-analysis". J Am Heart Assoc . 2019;8: e012272.
6. "Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure. Results of the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS)". N Engl J Med . 1987;316:1429-1435.
7. "Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure". N Engl J Med . 1991;325:293-302.
8. "Comparative effects of low and high doses of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, lisinopril, on morbidity and mortality in chronic heart failure. ATLAS Study Group". Circulation . 1999;100:2312-2318.
9. "Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction: results of the Survival and Ventricular Enlargement Trial. The SAVE Investigators". N Engl J Med . 1992;327:669-677.
10. "Effect of ramipril on mortality and morbidity of survivors of acute myocardial infarction with clinical evidence of heart failure. The Acute Infarction Ramipril Efficacy (AIRE) Study Investigators". Lancet . 1993;342:821-828.
11. "A clinical trial of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor trandolapril in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Trandolapril Cardiac Evaluation (TRACE) Study Group". N Engl J Med . 1995;333:1670-1676.
12. "Overview of randomized trials of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure. Collaborative Group on ACE Inhibitor Trials". JAMA . 1995;273:1450-1456.
13. "Sex-dependent and race-dependent association of XPNPEP2 C-2399A polymorphism with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-associated angioedema". Pharmacogenet Genomics . 2010;20:532-536.
14. "A randomized trial of the angiotensin-receptor blocker valsartan in chronic heart failure". N Engl J Med . 2001;345:1667-1675.
15. "Valsartan, captopril, or both in myocardial infarction complicated by heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction, or both [published correction appears in N Engl J Med. 2004;350:203]". N Engl J Med . 2003;349:1893-1906.
16. "Effects of high-dose versus low-dose losartan on clinical outcomes in patients with heart failure (HEAAL study): a randomised, double-blind trial". Lancet . 2009;374:1840-1848.
17. "Telmisartan, ramipril, or both in patients at high risk for vascular events". N Engl J Med . 2008;358:1547-1559.
18. "Effects of the angiotensin-receptor blocker telmisartan on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients intolerant to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: a randomised controlled trial". Lancet . 2008;372:1174-1183.
19. "Incremental cost-effectiveness of guideline-directed medical therapies for heart failure". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2013;61:1440-1446.
20. "The cost-effectiveness of losartan versus captopril in patients with symptomatic heart failure". Cardiology . 1999;91:189-194.
21. "Costs and effects of enalapril therapy in patients with symptomatic heart failure: an economic analysis of the Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD) Treatment Trial". J Card Fail . 1995;1:371-380.
22. "Costs and effectiveness of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition in patients with congestive heart failure". Arch Intern Med . 1994;154:1143-1149.
23. "Multinational economic evaluation of valsartan in patients with chronic heart failure: results from the Valsartan Heart Failure Trial (Val-HeFT)". Am Heart J . 2004;148:122-128.
24. "Pharmacologic management of heart failure and left ventricular systolic dysfunction: effect in female, black, and diabetic patients, and cost-effectiveness". Evid Rep Technol Assess (Summ) . 2003. 1-6.
25. "Cost-effectiveness of captopril therapy after myocardial infarction". J Am Coll Cardiol . 1995;26:914-919.
26. "Cost-effectiveness analysis of sacubitril/valsartan vs enalapril in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction". JAMA Cardiol . 2016;1:666-672.
27. "Cost-effectiveness of sacubitril-valsartan in hospitalized patients who have heart failure with reduced ejection fraction". JAMA Cardiol . 2020;5:1236-1244.
28. "Cost-effectiveness of sacubitril-valsartan combination therapy compared with enalapril for the treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction". J Am Coll Cardiol HF . 2016;4:392-402.
29. "Cost-effectiveness of sacubitril-valsartan in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction". Ann Intern Med . 2016;165:681-689.
30. "Comparison of omapatrilat and enalapril in patients with chronic heart failure: the Omapatrilat Versus Enalapril Randomized Trial of Utility in Reducing Events (OVERTURE)". Circulation . 2002;106:920-926.
31. "Omapatrilat and enalapril in patients with hypertension: the Omapatrilat Cardiovascular Treatment vs. Enalapril (OCTAVE) trial". Am J Hypertens . 2004;17:103-111.
32. "Combined neprilysin and renin-angiotensin system inhibition for the treatment of heart failure". J Am Coll Cardiol HF . 2014;2:663-670.
33. "Vasopeptidase inhibition and angio-oedema". Lancet . 2000;356:608-609.
34. "The path to an angiotensin receptor antagonist-neprilysin inhibitor in the treatment of heart failure". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2015;65:1029-1041.
35. "Blood-pressure reduction with LCZ696, a novel dual-acting inhibitor of the angiotensin II receptor and neprilysin: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, active comparator study". Lancet . 2010;375:1255-1266.
36. "Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-associated angioedema". Immunol Allergy Clin North Am . 2006;26:725-737.
37. "Comparative risk for angioedema associated with the use of drugs that target the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system". Arch Intern Med . 2012;172:1582-1589.
38. "Meta-analysis of randomized trials of angioedema as an adverse event of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors". Am J Cardiol . 2012;110:383-391.
39. "Angiotensin II receptor blockers are safe in patients with prior angioedema related to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors - a nationwide registry-based cohort study". J Intern Med . 2019;285:553-561.
40. "Prospective ARNI vs. ACE inhibitor trial to DetermIne Superiority in reducing heart failure Events after Myocardial Infarction (PARADISE-MI): design and baseline characteristics". Eur J Heart Fail . 2021;23:1040-1048.
41. "Cost-effectiveness analysis of sacubitril/valsartan for the treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction in the United States". Pharmacotherapy . 2018;38:520-530.
7.3.2. Beta Blockers
1. "The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II (CIBIS-II): a randomised trial". Lancet . 1999;353:9-13.
2. "Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure: Metoprolol CR/XL Randomised Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT-HF)". Lancet . 1999;353:2001-2007.
3. "Effect of carvedilol on the morbidity of patients with severe chronic heart failure: results of the carvedilol prospective randomized cumulative survival (COPERNICUS) study". Circulation . 2002;106:2194-2199.
4. "Incremental cost-effectiveness of guideline-directed medical therapies for heart failure". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2013;61:1440-1446.
5. "Economic implications of extended-release metoprolol succinate for heart failure in the MERIT-HF trial: a US perspective of the MERIT-HF trial". J Card Fail . 2005;11:647-656.
6. "Cost effectiveness of carvedilol for heart failure". Am J Cardiol . 1999;83:890-896.
7. "Economic impact of beta blockade in heart failure". Am J Med . 2001;110:suppl 7A: 74S-80S.
8. "Cost-effectiveness results from the US Carvedilol Heart Failure Trials Program". Ann Pharmacother . 2001;35:846-851.
9. "Carvedilol produces dose-related improvements in left ventricular function and survival in subjects with chronic heart failure. MOCHA Investigators". Circulation . 1996;94:2807-2816.
10. "Beta-blockers for heart failure with reduced, mid-range, and preserved ejection fraction: an individual patient-level analysis of double-blind randomized trials". Eur Heart J . 2018;39:26-35.
11. "Effects of controlled-release metoprolol on total mortality, hospitalizations, and well-being in patients with heart failure: the Metoprolol CR/XL Randomized Intervention Trial in congestive heart failure (MERIT-HF)". JAMA . 2000;283:1295-1302.
12. "Efficacy of beta blockers in patients with heart failure plus atrial fibrillation: an individual-patient data meta-analysis". Lancet . 2014;384:2235-2243.
13. "Randomized trial to determine the effect of nebivolol on mortality and cardiovascular hospital admission in elderly patients with heart failure (SENIORS)". Eur Heart J . 2005;26:215-225.
14. "A trial of the beta-blocker bucindolol in patients with advanced chronic heart failure". N Engl J Med . 2001;344:1659-1667.
15. "Comparison of carvedilol and metoprolol on clinical outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure in the Carvedilol Or Metoprolol European Trial (COMET): randomised controlled trial". Lancet . 2003;362:7-13.
16. "Effect on survival and hospitalization of initiating treatment for chronic heart failure with bisoprolol followed by enalapril, as compared with the opposite sequence: results of the randomized Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study (CIBIS) III". Circulation . 2005;112:2426-2435.
17. "Predischarge initiation of carvedilol in patients hospitalized for decompensated heart failure". Am J Cardiol . 2004;93:74B-76B.
18. "Withdrawal of pharmacological treatment for heart failure in patients with recovered dilated cardiomyopathy (TRED-HF): an open-label, pilot, randomised trial". Lancet . 2019;393:61-73.
19. "Long-term beta-blockade in dilated cardiomyopathy: effects of short- and long-term metoprolol treatment followed by withdrawal and readministration of metoprolol". Circulation . 1989;80:551-563.
7.3.3. Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists (MRAs)
1. "The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators". N Engl J Med . 1999;341:709-717.
2. "Eplerenone Post-Acute Myocardial Infarction Heart Failure Efficacy and Survival Study Investigators. Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction". N Engl J Med . 2003;348:1309-1321.
3. "Eplerenone in patients with systolic heart failure and mild symptoms". N Engl J Med . 2011;364:11-21.
4. "Incremental cost-effectiveness of guideline-directed medical therapies for heart failure". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2013;61:1440-1446.
5. "Economic evaluation of the randomized aldactone evaluation study (RALES): treatment of patients with severe heart failure". Cardiovasc Drugs Ther . 2002;16:53-59.
6. "Cost-effectiveness of eplerenone compared with placebo in patients with myocardial infarction complicated by left ventricular dysfunction and heart failure". Circulation . 2005;111:1106-1113.
7. "Cost effectiveness of eplerenone in patients with heart failure after acute myocardial infarction who were taking both ACE inhibitors and beta-blockers: subanalysis of the EPHESUS". Am J Cardiovasc Drugs . 2010;10:55-63.
8. "Associations between aldosterone antagonist therapy and risks of mortality and readmission among patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction". JAMA . 2012;308:2097-2107.
9. "Rates of hyperkalemia after publication of the Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study". N Engl J Med . 2004;351:543-551.
10. "FDA Aldactone label". 2008. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/012151s062lbl.pdf. Accessed
June 28, 2021 .11. "FDA INSPRA label". 2008. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/021437s006lbl.pdf. Accessed
June 28, 2021 .12. "Efficacy and safety of spironolactone in acute heart failure: the ATHENA-HF Randomized Clinical Trial". JAMA Cardiol . 2017;2:950-958.
13. "Angiotensin-neprilysin inhibition versus enalapril in heart failure". N Engl J Med . 2014;371:993-1004.
14. "Angiotensin-neprilysin inhibition in acute decompensated heart failure". N Engl J Med . 2019;380:539-548.
15. "Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of RLY5016, a polymeric potassium binder, in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study in patients with chronic heart failure (the PEARL-HF) trial". Eur Heart J . 2011;32:820-828.
16. "Maintenance of serum potassium with sodium zirconium cyclosilicate (ZS-9) in heart failure patients: results from a phase 3 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial". Eur J Heart Fail . 2015;17:1050-1056.
7.3.4. Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors (SGLT2i)
1. "Dapagliflozin in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction". N Engl J Med . 2019;381:1995-2008.
2. "Cardiovascular and renal outcomes with empagliflozin in heart failure". N Engl J Med . 2020;383:1413-1424.
3. "Cost-effectiveness of dapagliflozin for treatment of patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction". JAMA Cardiol . 2021;6:926-935.
4. "Cost-effectiveness of dapagliflozin for the treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction". JAMA Netw Open . 2021;4: e2114501.
5. "Canagliflozin and cardiovascular and renal events in type 2 diabetes". N Engl J Med . 2017;377:644-657.
6. "Dapagliflozin and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes". N Engl J Med . 2019;380:347-357.
7. "Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 diabetes". N Engl J Med . 2015;373:2117-2128.
8. "Mechanisms of cardiorenal effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors: JACC state-of-the-art review". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2020;75:422-434.
9. "SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: a meta-analysis of the EMPEROR-Reduced and DAPA-HF trials". Lancet . 2020;396:819-829.
10. "Sotagliflozin in patients with diabetes and recent worsening heart failure". N Engl J Med . 2021;384:117-128.
11. "Practical guide to prescribing sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors for cardiologists". J Am Coll Cardiol HF . 2019;7:169-172.
7.3.5. Hydralazine and Isosorbide Dinitrate (H-ISDN)
1. "Racial differences in response to therapy for heart failure: analysis of the vasodilator-heart failure trials. Vasodilator-Heart Failure Trial Study Group". J Card Fail . 1999;5:178-187.
2. "Combination of isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine in blacks with heart failure". N Engl J Med . 2004;351:2049-2057.
3. "Cost-effectiveness of fixed-dose combination of isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine therapy for blacks with heart failure". Circulation . 2005;112:3745-3753.
4. "Effect of vasodilator therapy on mortality in chronic congestive heart failure. Results of a Veterans Administration Cooperative Study". N Engl J Med . 1986;314:1547-1552.
5. "Clinical effectiveness of hydralazine-isosorbide dinitrate therapy in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction: findings from the Get With The Guidelines-Heart Failure Registry". Circ Heart Fail . 2016;9: e002444.
6. "A comparison of enalapril with hydralazine-isosorbide dinitrate in the treatment of chronic congestive heart failure". N Engl J Med . 1991;325:303-310.
7. "Effect of direct vasodilation with hydralazine versus angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition with captopril on mortality in advanced heart failure: the Hy-C trial". J Am Coll Cardiol . 1992;19:842-850.
7.3.6. Other Drug Treatment
1. "Left ventricular systolic dysfunction, total mortality, and sudden death in patients with myocardial infarction treated with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids". Eur J Heart Fail . 2005;7:904-909.
2. "Effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with chronic heart failure (the GISSI-HF trial): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial". Lancet . 2008;372:1223-1230.
3. "Cardiovascular risk reduction with icosapent ethyl for hypertriglyceridemia". N Engl J Med . 2019;380:11-22.
4. "Reduction in revascularization with icosapent ethyl: insights from REDUCE-IT revascularization analyses". Circulation . 2021;143:33-44.
5. "Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of RLY5016, a polymeric potassium binder, in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study in patients with chronic heart failure (the PEARL-HF) trial". Eur Heart J . 2011;32:820-828.
6. "Maintenance of serum potassium with sodium zirconium cyclosilicate (ZS-9) in heart failure patients: results from a phase 3 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial". Eur J Heart Fail . 2015;17:1050-1056.
7. "Randomized trial of warfarin, aspirin, and clopidogrel in patients with chronic heart failure: the Warfarin and Antiplatelet Therapy in Chronic Heart Failure (WATCH) trial". Circulation . 2009;119:1616-1624.
8. "Warfarin and aspirin in patients with heart failure and sinus rhythm". N Engl J Med . 2012;366:1859-1869.
9. "Rivaroxaban in patients with heart failure, sinus rhythm, and coronary disease". N Engl J Med . 2018;379:1332-1342.
10. "Early protection against sudden death by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids after myocardial infarction: time-course analysis of the results of the Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto Miocardico (GISSI)-Prevenzione". Circulation . 2002;105:1897-1903.
11. "Abnormalities of potassium in heart failure: JACC state-of-the-art review". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2020;75:2836-2850.
12. "Factors associated with underuse of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: an analysis of 11 215 patients from the Swedish Heart Failure Registry". Eur J Heart Fail . 2018;20:1326-1334.
13. "Effect of sodium zirconium cyclosilicate on potassium lowering for 28 days among outpatients with hyperkalemia: the HARMONIZE randomized clinical trial". JAMA . 2014;312:2223-2233.
14. "Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and cardiovascular diseases". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2009;54:585-594.
15. "Digoxin discontinuation and outcomes in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2019;74:617-627.
16. "Effect of high-dose omega-3 fatty acids vs corn oil on major adverse cardiovascular events in patients at high cardiovascular risk: the STRENGTH randomized clinical trial". JAMA . 2020;324:2268-2280.
17. "Incidence of thromboembolic events in congestive heart failure. The V-HeFT VA Cooperative Studies Group". Circulation . 1993;87:6 suppl: VI94-VI101.
18. "Thromboembolism and antithrombotic therapy in congestive heart failure". J Cardiovasc Risk . 1995;2:107-117.
19. "Systemic thromboembolism in chronic heart failure. A prospective study in 406 patients". Eur Heart J . 1996;17:1381-1389.
20. "Ventricular dysfunction and the risk of stroke after myocardial infarction". N Engl J Med . 1997;336:251-257.
21. "Warfarin anticoagulation and survival: a cohort analysis from the studies of left ventricular dysfunction". J Am Coll Cardiol . 1998;31:749-753.
22. "Effect of antithrombotic therapy on risk of sudden coronary death in patients with congestive heart failure". Am J Cardiol . 1997;79:909-913.
7.3.7. Drugs of Unproven Value or That May Worsen HF
1. "Effect of amlodipine on morbidity and mortality in severe chronic heart failure. Prospective Randomized Amlodipine Survival Evaluation Study Group". N Engl J Med . 1996;335:1107-1114.
2. "Effect of amlodipine on the survival of patients with severe chronic heart failure due to a nonischemic cardiomyopathy: results of the PRAISE-2 study (prospective randomized amlodipine survival evaluation 2)". J Am Coll Cardiol HF . 2013;1:308-314.
3. "Supplementation with vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids and incidence of heart failure hospitalization: VITAL-Heart Failure". Circulation . 2020;141:784-786.
4. "Meta-analysis of vitamin D supplementation in the treatment of chronic heart failure". Scand Cardiovasc J . 2019;53:110-116.
5. "Vitamin D supplementation of 4000 IU daily and cardiac function in patients with advanced heart failure: the EVITA trial". Int J Cardiol . 2019;280:117-123.
6. "Effects of long-term vitamin E supplementation on cardiovascular events and cancer: a randomized controlled trial". JAMA . 2005;293:1338-1347.
7. "Vitamin E increases the risk of developing heart failure after myocardial infarction: results from the GISSI-Prevenzione trial". J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) . 2006;7:347-350.
8. "The effect of coenzyme Q10 on morbidity and mortality in chronic heart failure: results from Q-SYMBIO: a randomized double-blind trial". J Am Coll Cardiol HF . 2014;2:641-649.
9. "Coenzyme Q10 for heart failure". Cochrane Database Syst Rev . 2014. CD008684.
10. "Effect of verapamil on mortality and major events after acute myocardial infarction (the Danish Verapamil Infarction Trial II--DAVIT II)". Am J Cardiol . 1990;66:779-785.
11. "The effect of diltiazem on mortality and reinfarction after myocardial infarction". N Engl J Med . 1988;319:385-392.
12. "Diltiazem increases late-onset congestive heart failure in postinfarction patients with early reduction in ejection fraction. The Adverse Experience Committee; and the Multicenter Diltiazem Postinfarction Research Group". Circulation . 1991;83:52-60.
13. "Diltiazem improves cardiac function and exercise capacity in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Results of the Diltiazem in Dilated Cardiomyopathy Trial". Circulation . 1996;94:346-352.
14. "Mortality and morbidity in patients receiving encainide, flecainide, or placebo. The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial". N Engl J Med . 1991;324:781-788.
15. "Effect of d-sotalol on mortality in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after recent and remote myocardial infarction. The SWORD Investigators. Survival With Oral d-Sotalol". Lancet . 1996;348:7-12.
16. "Increased mortality after dronedarone therapy for severe heart failure". N Engl J Med . 2008;358:2678-2687.
17. "Thiazolidinediones and cardiovascular outcomes in older patients with diabetes". JAMA . 2007;298:2634-2643.
18. "Congestive heart failure and cardiovascular death in patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes given thiazolidinediones: a meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials". Lancet . 2007;370:1129-1136.
19. "A randomized, placebo-controlled trial assessing the effects of rosiglitazone on echocardiographic function and cardiac status in type 2 diabetic patients with New York Heart Association functional class I or II heart failure". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2007;49:1696-1704.
20. "Rosiglitazone evaluated for cardiovascular outcomes in oral agent combination therapy for type 2 diabetes (RECORD): a multicentre, randomised, open-label trial". Lancet . 2009;373:2125-2135.
21. "Pioglitazone and heart failure: results from a controlled study in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and systolic dysfunction". J Card Fail . 2008;14:445-452.
22. "Heart failure, saxagliptin, and diabetes mellitus: observations from the SAVOR-TIMI 53 randomized trial". Circulation . 2014;130:1579-1588.
23. "Heart failure and mortality outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes taking alogliptin versus placebo in EXAMINE: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind trial". Lancet . 2015;385:2067-2076.
24. "Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and the risk of heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis". CMAJ Open . 2017;5:E152-E177.
25. "Cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors versus non-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and congestive heart failure outcomes in elderly patients: a population-based cohort study". Lancet . 2004;363:1751-1756.
26. "Differences in outcomes of patients with congestive heart failure prescribed celecoxib, rofecoxib, or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: population based study". BMJ . 2005;330:1370.
27. "Increased mortality and cardiovascular morbidity associated with use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in chronic heart failure". Arch Intern Med . 2009;169:141-149.
28. "Association of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with first occurrence of heart failure and with relapsing heart failure: the Rotterdam Study". Arch Intern Med . 2002;162:265-270.
29. "Effect of amlodipine on the survival of patients with severe chronic heart failure due to a nonischemic cardiomyopathy: results of the PRAISE-2 study (prospective randomized amlodipine survival evaluation 2)". J Am Coll Cardiol HF . 2013;1:308-314.
30. "Growth hormone therapy in heart failure". Heart Fail Clin . 2018;14:501-515.
31. "Coenzyme Q10 and heart failure: a state-of-the-art review". Circ Heart Fail . 2016;9: e002639.
32. "Nutrition, obesity, and cachexia in patients with heart failure: a consensus statement from the Heart Failure Society of America Scientific Statements Committee". J Card Fail . 2019;25:380-400.
33. "Nutraceuticals in patients with heart failure: a systematic review". J Card Fail . 2020;26:166-179.
34. "Thiamin supplementation does not improve left ventricular ejection fraction in ambulatory heart failure patients: a randomized controlled trial". Am J Clin Nutr . 2019;110:1287-1295.
35. "Determining the role of thiamine deficiency in systolic heart failure: a meta-analysis and systematic review". J Card Fail . 2015;21:1000-1007.
36. "Thiamine supplementation for the treatment of heart failure: a review of the literature". Congest Heart Fail . 2013;19:214-222.
37. "Efficacy and safety of L-carnitine treatment for chronic heart failure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". BioMed Res Int . 2017;2017:6274854.
38. "Usefulness of taurine in chronic congestive heart failure and its prospective application". Jpn Circ J . 1992;56:95-99.
39. "Taurine supplementation improves functional capacity, myocardial oxygen consumption, and electrical activity in heart failure". J Diet Suppl . 2017;14:422-432.
40. "Testosterone supplementation in patients with chronic heart failure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) . 2020;11:110.
41. "Testosterone treatment in chronic heart failure. Review of literature and future perspectives". Monaldi Arch Chest Dis . 2018;88:976.
42. "Hormonal replacement therapy in heart failure: focus on growth hormone and testosterone". Heart Fail Clin . 2019;15:377-391.
43. "Efficacy and safety of levothyroxine (L-T4) replacement on the exercise capability in chronic systolic heart failure patients with subclinical hypothyroidism: study protocol for a multi-center, open label, randomized, parallel group trial (ThyroHeart-CHF)". Trials . 2019;20:143.
44. "Long-term L-Triiodothyronine (T3) treatment in stable systolic heart failure patients: a randomised, double-blind, cross-over, placebo-controlled intervention study". Clin Endocrinol . 2015;83:931-937.
45. "Long-term outcome in patients with heart failure treated with levothyroxine: an observational nationwide cohort study". J Clin Endocrinol Metab . 2019;104:1725-1734.
46. "Randomised trial of low-dose amiodarone in severe congestive heart failure. Grupo de Estudio de la Sobrevida en la Insuficiencia Cardiaca en Argentina (GESICA)". Lancet . 1994;344:493-498.
47. "Amiodarone in patients with congestive heart failure and asymptomatic ventricular arrhythmia. Survival Trial of Antiarrhythmic Therapy in Congestive Heart Failure". N Engl J Med . 1995;333:77-82.
48. "Effect of dofetilide in patients with recent myocardial infarction and left-ventricular dysfunction: a randomised trial". Lancet . 2000;356:2052-2058.
49. "Dofetilide in patients with congestive heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction. Danish Investigations of Arrhythmia and Mortality on Dofetilide Study Group". N Engl J Med . 1999;341:857-865.
50. "Alogliptin after acute coronary syndrome in patients with type 2 diabetes". N Engl J Med . 2013;369:1327-1335.
51. "Association between sitagliptin use and heart failure hospitalization and related outcomes in type 2 diabetes mellitus: secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial". JAMA Cardiol . 2016;1:126-135.
52. "Effect of sitagliptin on cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes". N Engl J Med . 2015;373:232-242.
53. "Linagliptin effects on heart failure and related outcomes in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus at high cardiovascular and renal risk in CARMELINA". Circulation . 2019;139:351-361.
54. "Effect of linagliptin vs placebo on major cardiovascular events in adults with type 2 diabetes and high cardiovascular and renal risk: the CARMELINA randomized clinical trial". JAMA . 2019;321:69-79.
55. "Effect of linagliptin vs glimepiride on major adverse cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes: the CAROLINA randomized clinical trial". JAMA . 2019;322:1155-1166.
56. "FDA adds warnings about heart failure risk to labels of type 2 diabetes medicines containing saxagliptin and alogliptin". 2018. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-drug-safety-communication-fda-adds-warnings-about-heart-failure-risk-labels-type-2-diabetes. Accessed
June 5, 2020 .57. "Drugs that may cause or exacerbate heart failure: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association". Circulation . 2016;134:e32-e69.
7.3.8. Guideline-Directed Medical Therapy (GDMT) Dosing, Sequencing, and Uptitration
1. "The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II (CIBIS-II): a randomised trial". Lancet . 1999;353:9-13.
2. "Effect of carvedilol on the morbidity of patients with severe chronic heart failure: results of the carvedilol prospective randomized cumulative survival (COPERNICUS) study". Circulation . 2002;106:2194-2199.
3. "Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure". N Engl J Med . 1991;325:293-302.
4. "Overview of randomized trials of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure. Collaborative Group on ACE Inhibitor Trials". JAMA . 1995;273:1450-1456.
5. "Angiotensin-neprilysin inhibition versus enalapril in heart failure". N Engl J Med . 2014;371:993-1004.
6. "The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators". N Engl J Med . 1999;341:709-717.
7. "Eplerenone in patients with systolic heart failure and mild symptoms". N Engl J Med . 2011;364:11-21.
8. "Dapagliflozin in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction". N Engl J Med . 2019;381:1995-2008.
9. "Cardiovascular and renal outcomes with empagliflozin in heart failure". N Engl J Med . 2020;383:1413-1424.
10. "Combination of isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine in blacks with heart failure". N Engl J Med . 2004;351:2049-2057.
11. "Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure: Metoprolol CR/XL Randomised Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT-HF)". Lancet . 1999;353:2001-2007.
12. "Long-term ACE-inhibitor therapy in patients with heart failure or left-ventricular dysfunction: a systematic overview of data from individual patients. ACE-inhibitor myocardial infarction collaborative group". Lancet . 2000;355:1575-1581.
13. "Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction". N Engl J Med . 2003;348:1309-1321.
14. "Aldosterone blockade and left ventricular dysfunction: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials". Eur Heart J . 2009;30:469-477.
15. "Association of optimal implementation of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor therapy with outcome for patients with heart failure". JAMA Cardiol . 2020;5:948-951.
16. "Carvedilol produces dose-related improvements in left ventricular function and survival in subjects with chronic heart failure. MOCHA Investigators". Circulation . 1996;94:2807-2816.
17. "Comparative effects of low and high doses of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, lisinopril, on morbidity and mortality in chronic heart failure. ATLAS Study Group". Circulation . 1999;100:2312-2318.
18. "Effects of high-dose versus low-dose losartan on clinical outcomes in patients with heart failure (HEAAL study): a randomised, double-blind trial". Lancet . 2009;374:1840-1848.
19. "Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction: results of the survival and ventricular enlargement trial. The SAVE Investigators". N Engl J Med . 1992;327:669-677.
20. "Effects of candesartan on mortality and morbidity in patients with chronic heart failure: the CHARM-Overall programme". Lancet . 2003;362:759-766.
21. "A randomized trial of the angiotensin-receptor blocker valsartan in chronic heart failure". N Engl J Med . 2001;345:1667-1675.
22. "Angiotensin-neprilysin inhibition versus enalapril in heart failure". N Engl J Med . 2014;371:993-1004.
23. "Effect of carvedilol on survival in severe chronic heart failure". N Engl J Med . 2001;344:1651-1658.
24. "Effect of vasodilator therapy on mortality in chronic congestive heart failure. Results of a Veterans Administration Cooperative Study". N Engl J Med . 1986;314:1547-1552.
25. "Ivabradine for patients with stable coronary artery disease and left-ventricular systolic dysfunction (BEAUTIFUL): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial". Lancet . 2008;372:807-816.
26. "Ivabradine in stable coronary artery disease without clinical heart failure". N Engl J Med . 2014;371:1091-1099.
27. "Ivabradine and outcomes in chronic heart failure (SHIFT): a randomised placebo-controlled study". Lancet . 2010;376:875-885.
28. "Vericiguat in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction". N Engl J Med . 2020;382:1883-1893.
29. "Race, quality of care, and outcomes of elderly patients hospitalized with heart failure". JAMA . 2003;289:2517-2524.
30. "The effect of digoxin on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure". N Engl J Med . 1997;336:525-533.
31. "Cardiac-resynchronization therapy with or without an implantable defibrillator in advanced chronic heart failure". N Engl J Med . 2004;350:2140-2150.
32. "The effect of cardiac resynchronization on morbidity and mortality in heart failure". N Engl J Med . 2005;352:1539-1549.
33. "Prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator in patients with myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction". N Engl J Med . 2002;346:877-883.
34. "Amiodarone or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for congestive heart failure". N Engl J Med . 2005;352:225-237.
35. "Transcatheter mitral-valve repair in patients with heart failure". N Engl J Med . 2018;379:2307-2318.
36. "Potential impact of optimal implementation of evidence-based heart failure therapies on mortality". Am Heart J . 2011;161:1024-1030.
37. "Effect of beta-blockade on mortality in patients with heart failure: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials". J Am Coll Cardiol . 1997;30:27-34.
38. "Beta-blockers in congestive heart failure. A Bayesian meta-analysis". Ann Intern Med . 2001;134:550-560.
39. "Cardiac resynchronization therapy for patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction: a systematic review". JAMA . 2007;297:2502-2514.
40. "Effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy on overall mortality and mode of death: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Eur Heart J . 2006;27:2682-2688.
41. "Implantable defibrillators for the prevention of mortality in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". JAMA . 2004;292:2874-2879.
42. "Systematic review: implantable cardioverter defibrillators for adults with left ventricular systolic dysfunction". Ann Intern Med . 2007;147:251-262.
7.3.9.1. Management of Stage C HF: Ivabradine
1. "Ivabradine and outcomes in chronic heart failure (SHIFT): a randomised placebo-controlled study". Lancet . 2010;376:875-885.
2. "Effect of ivabradine on recurrent hospitalization for worsening heart failure in patients with chronic systolic heart failure: the SHIFT Study". Eur Heart J . 2012;33:2813-2820.
3. "Effect of ivabradine in patients with left-ventricular systolic dysfunction: a pooled analysis of individual patient data from the BEAUTIFUL and SHIFT trials". Eur Heart J . 2013;34:2263-2270.
4. "Ivabradine for patients with stable coronary artery disease and left-ventricular systolic dysfunction (BEAUTIFUL): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial". Lancet . 2008;372:807-816.
5. "Heart rate at baseline influences the effect of ivabradine on cardiovascular outcomes in chronic heart failure: analysis from the SHIFT study". Clin Res Cardiol . 2013;102:11-22.
6. "Influence of cardiovascular and noncardiovascular co-morbidities on outcomes and treatment effect of heart rate reduction with ivabradine in stable heart failure (from the SHIFT Trial)". Am J Cardiol . 2015;116:1890-1897.
7.3.9.2. Pharmacological Treatment for Stage C Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF) (Digoxin)
1. "The effect of digoxin on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure". N Engl J Med . 1997;336:525-533.
2. "Digoxin and reduction in mortality and hospitalization in heart failure: a comprehensive post hoc analysis of the DIG trial". Eur Heart J . 2006;27:178-186.
3. "The effect of digoxin on the quality of life in patients with heart failure". J Card Fail . 2003;9:4-12.
4. "Effects of digoxin at low serum concentrations on mortality and hospitalization in heart failure: a propensity-matched study of the DIG trial". Int J Cardiol . 2008;123:138-146.
5. "Digoxin–mortality: randomized vs. observational comparison in the DIG trial". Eur Heart J . 2019;40:3336-3341.
6. "The use of digoxin in patients with worsening chronic heart failure: reconsidering an old drug to reduce hospital admissions". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2014;63:1823-1832.
7. "Effect of oral digoxin in high-risk heart failure patients: a pre-specified subgroup analysis of the DIG trial". Eur J Heart Fail . 2013;15:551-559.
8. "Dose response characterization of the association of serum digoxin concentration with mortality outcomes in the Digitalis Investigation Group trial". Eur J Heart Fail . 2016;18:1072-1081.
9. "Digoxin and mortality in patients with atrial fibrillation". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2018;71:1063-1074.
10. "Digoxin discontinuation and outcomes in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2019;74:617-627.
11. "Randomized study assessing the effect of digoxin withdrawal in patients with mild to moderate chronic congestive heart failure: results of the PROVED trial". J Am Coll Cardiol . 1993;22:955-962.
7.3.9.3. Pharmacological Treatment for Stage C HFrEF: Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase Stimulators
1. "Vericiguat in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction". N Engl J Med . 2020;382:1883-1893.
2. "Nitric oxide activates guanylate cyclase and increases guanosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate levels in various tissue preparations". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A . 1977;74:3203-3207.
3. "Effects of some hormonal and other factors on the excretion of guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate and adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate in rat urine". J Biol Chem . 1969;244:6354-6362.
4. "Guanyl cyclase, an enzyme catalyzing the formation of guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate from guanosine trihosphate". J Biol Chem . 1969;244:6363-6370.
5. "Adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate formation by preparations of rat liver soluble guanylate cyclase activated with nitric oxide, nitrosyl ferroheme, S-nitrosothiols, and other nitroso compounds". Can J Physiol Pharmacol . 1980;58:1446-1456.
6. "Nitric oxide and the vascular endothelium". Handb Exp Pharmacol . 2006. 213-254.
7. "The discovery of nitric oxide as the endogenous nitrovasodilator". Hypertension . 1988;12:365-372.
7.4.1. Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators (ICDs) and Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (CRT)
1. "A comparison of antiarrhythmic-drug therapy with implantable defibrillators in patients resuscitated from near-fatal ventricular arrhythmias". N Engl J Med . 1997;337:1576-1583.
2. "Randomized comparison of antiarrhythmic drug therapy with implantable defibrillators in patients resuscitated from cardiac arrest: the Cardiac Arrest Study Hamburg (CASH)". Circulation . 2000;102:748-754.
3. "Canadian Implantable Defibrillator Study (CIDS); a randomized trial of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator against amiodarone". Circulation . 2000;101:1297-1302.
4. "Improved survival with an implanted defibrillator in patients with coronary disease at high risk for ventricular arrhythmia. Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial Investigators". N Engl J Med . 1996;335:1933-1940.
5. "A randomized study of the prevention of sudden death in patients with coronary artery disease. Multicenter Unsustained Tachycardia Trial Investigators". N Engl J Med . 1999;341:1882-1890.
6. "Prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator in patients with myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction". N Engl J Med . 2002;346:877-883.
7. "Prophylactic defibrillator implantation in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy". N Engl J Med . 2004;350:2151-2158.
8. "Amiodarone or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for congestive heart failure". N Engl J Med . 2005;352:225-237.
9. "Defibrillator implantation in patients with nonischemic systolic heart failure". N Engl J Med . 2016;375:1221-1230.
10. "Clinical and economic implications of the Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial-II". Ann Intern Med . 2005;142:593-600.
11. "Lifetime cost-effectiveness of prophylactic implantation of a cardioverter defibrillator in patients with reduced left ventricular systolic function: results of Markov modelling in a European population". Europace . 2009;11:716-726.
12. "Cost-effectiveness of defibrillator therapy or amiodarone in chronic stable heart failure: results from the Sudden Cardiac Death in Heart Failure Trial (SCD-HeFT)". Circulation . 2006;114:135-142.
13. "The cost-effectiveness of automatic implantable cardiac defibrillators: results from MADIT. Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial". Circulation . 1998;97:2129-2135.
14. "Cost-effectiveness of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators". N Engl J Med . 2005;353:1471-1480.
15. "The cost effectiveness of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: results from the Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial (MADIT)-II". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2006;47:2310-2318.
16. "Cardiac resynchronization in chronic heart failure". N Engl J Med . 2002;346:1845-1853.
17. "Cardiac-resynchronization therapy with or without an implantable defibrillator in advanced chronic heart failure". N Engl J Med . 2004;350:2140-2150.
18. "The effect of cardiac resynchronization on morbidity and mortality in heart failure". N Engl J Med . 2005;352:1539-1549.
19. "Randomized trial of cardiac resynchronization in mildly symptomatic heart failure patients and in asymptomatic patients with left ventricular dysfunction and previous heart failure symptoms". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2008;52:1834-1843.
20. "Survival with cardiac-resynchronization therapy in mild heart failure". N Engl J Med . 2014;370:1694-1701.
21. "Cardiac-resynchronization therapy for mild-to-moderate heart failure". N Engl J Med . 2010;363:2385-2395.
22. "Cost effectiveness of cardiac resynchronization therapy in the Comparison of Medical Therapy, Pacing, and Defibrillation in Heart Failure (COMPANION) trial". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2005;46:2311-2321.
23. "Economic value and cost-effectiveness of cardiac resynchronization therapy among patients with mild heart failure: projections from the REVERSE long-term follow-up". J Am Coll Cardiol HF . 2017;5:204-212.
24. "Cost effectiveness of biventricular pacemakers in heart failure patients". Am J Cardiovasc Drugs . 2006;6:129-137.
25. "Cost-effectiveness of cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with symptomatic heart failure". Ann Intern Med . 2004;141:343-351.
26. "Cost-effectiveness of cardiac resynchronization therapy in the MADIT-CRT trial". J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol . 2013;24:66-74.
27. "Cost-effectiveness of adding cardiac resynchronization therapy to an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator among patients with mild heart failure". Ann Intern Med . 2015;163:417-426.
28. "Effect of QRS morphology on clinical event reduction with cardiac resynchronization therapy: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Am Heart J . 2012;163:260-267.e3.
29. "Surface electrocardiogram to predict outcome in candidates for cardiac resynchronization therapy: a sub-analysis of the CARE-HF trial". Eur J Heart Fail . 2009;11:699-705.
30. "Effectiveness of cardiac resynchronization therapy by QRS morphology in the Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial-Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (MADIT-CRT)". Circulation . 2011;123:1061-1072.
31. "Effect of QRS duration and morphology on cardiac resynchronization therapy outcomes in mild heart failure: results from the Resynchronization Reverses Remodeling in Systolic Left Ventricular Dysfunction (REVERSE) study". Circulation . 2012;126:822-829.
32. "Impact of QRS morphology and duration on outcomes after cardiac resynchronization therapy: results from the Resynchronization-Defibrillation for Ambulatory Heart Failure Trial (RAFT)". Circ Heart Fail . 2013;6:1190-1198.
33. "Cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction and right bundle branch block: a systematic review". Heart Rhythm . 2011;8:1083-1087.
34. "Biventricular pacing for atrioventricular block and systolic dysfunction". N Engl J Med . 2013;369:579.
35. "Left ventricular-based cardiac stimulation post AV nodal ablation evaluation (the PAVE study)". J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol . 2005;16:1160-1165.
36. "The landscape of genetic variation in dilated cardiomyopathy as surveyed by clinical DNA sequencing". Genet Med . 2014;16:601-608.
37. "Genetic risk of arrhythmic phenotypes in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2019;74:1480-1490.
38. "2019 HRS expert consensus statement on evaluation, risk stratification, and management of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy". Heart Rhythm . 2019;16:e301-e372.
39. "Cardiac-resynchronization therapy for the prevention of heart-failure events". N Engl J Med . 2009;361:1329-1338.
40. "Cardiac-resynchronization therapy in heart failure with narrow QRS complexes". N Engl J Med . 2007;357:2461-2471.
41. "Cardiac-resynchronization therapy in heart failure with a narrow QRS complex". N Engl J Med . 2013;369:1395-1405.
42. "The cost-effectiveness of primary prophylactic implantable defibrillator therapy in patients with ischaemic or non-ischaemic heart disease: a European analysis". Eur Heart J . 2013;34:211-219.
43. "Prophylactic use of implanted cardiac defibrillators in patients at high risk for ventricular arrhythmias after coronary-artery bypass graft surgery. Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) Patch Trial Investigators". N Engl J Med . 1997;337:1569-1575.
44. "Mild therapeutic hypothermia to improve the neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest". N Engl J Med . 2002;346:549-556.
45. "Cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with permanent atrial fibrillation: results from the Resynchronization for Ambulatory Heart Failure Trial (RAFT)". Circ Heart Fail . 2012;5:566-570.
46. "Comparison of benefits and mortality in cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation versus patients in sinus rhythm (results of the Spanish Atrial Fibrillation And Resynchronization [SPARE] study)". Am J Cardiol . 2008;102:444-449.
47. "Outcomes of cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with intermittent atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter in the COMPANION trial". Heart Rhythm . 2017;14:858-865.
48. "Predicting hyperresponse among pacemaker-dependent nonischemic cardiomyopathy patients upgraded to cardiac resynchronization". J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol . 2011;22:905-911.
49. "2017 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2018;72:e91-e220.
50. "Cardiac-resynchronization therapy in heart failure with a narrow QRS complex". N Engl J Med . 2013;369:1395-1405.
51. "Cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with heart failure and a QRS complex <120 milliseconds: the Evaluation Of Resynchronization Therapy For Heart Failure (LESSER-EARTH) trial". Circulation . 2013;127:873-881.
52. "A randomized study of cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillator versus dual-chamber implantable cardioverter-defibrillator in ischemic cardiomyopathy with narrow QRS: the NARROW-CRT study". Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol . 2013;6:538-545.
7.4.2. Other Implantable Electrical Interventions
1. "Neurohormonal activation in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction". Nat Rev Cardiol . 2017;14:30-38.
2. "Devices for autonomic regulation therapy in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction". Cardiol Rev . 2018;26:43-49.
3. "Baroreflex activation therapy in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2020;76:1-13.
4. "Vagus nerve stimulation for the treatment of heart failure: the INOVATE-HF trial". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2016;68:149-158.
5. "A randomized comparison of triple-site versus dual-site ventricular stimulation in patients with congestive heart failure". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2008;51:1455-1462.
6. "Safety and efficacy of multipoint pacing in cardiac resynchronization therapy: the multipoint pacing trial". J Am Coll Cardiol EP . 2017;3:1510-1518.
7. "Personal communication about phase 2 trial data". 2020.
8. "Clinical outcomes of his bundle pacing compared to right ventricular pacing". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2018;71:2319-2330.
9. "On-treatment comparison between corrective his bundle pacing and biventricular pacing for cardiac resynchronization: a secondary analysis of the His-SYNC pilot trial". Heart Rhythm . 2019;16:1797-1807.
10. "His corrective pacing or biventricular pacing for cardiac resynchronization in heart failure". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2019;74:157-159.
11. "Nonexcitatory, cardiac contractility modulation electrical impulses: feasibility study for advanced heart failure in patients with normal QRS duration". Heart Rhythm . 2006;3:1140-1147.
12. "Randomized, double blind study of non-excitatory, cardiac contractility modulation electrical impulses for symptomatic heart failure". Eur Heart J . 2008;29:1019-1028.
13. "A randomized controlled trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of cardiac contractility modulation in advanced heart failure". Am Heart J . 2011;161:329-337.e1-2.
14. "A randomized controlled trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of cardiac contractility modulation". J Am Coll Cardiol HF . 2018;6:874-883.
7.4.3. Revascularization for Coronary Artery Disease
1. "Comparison of surgical and medical group survival in patients with left main equivalent coronary artery disease. Long-term CASS experience". Circulation . 1995;91:2335-2344.
2. "CABG improves outcomes in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy: 10-year follow-up of the STICH Trial". J Am Coll Cardiol HF . 2019;7:878-887.
3. "Quality-of-life outcomes with coronary artery bypass graft surgery in ischemic left ventricular dysfunction: a randomized trial". Ann Intern Med . 2014;161:392-399.
4. "Revascularization in patients with left main coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2020;76:1395-1406.
5. "Ten-year outcomes after coronary artery bypass grafting according to age in patients with heart failure and left ventricular systolic dysfunction: an analysis of the extended follow-up of the STICH Trial (Surgical Treatment for Ischemic Heart Failure)". Circulation . 2016;134:1314-1324.
6. "Long-term survival after surgical or percutaneous revascularization in patients with diabetes and multivessel coronary disease". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2020;76:1153-1164.
7. "Coronary-artery bypass surgery in patients with left ventricular dysfunction". N Engl J Med . 2011;364:1607-1616.
8. "Coronary-artery bypass surgery in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy". N Engl J Med . 2016;374:1511-1520.
9. "Percutaneous revascularization for ischemic ventricular dysfunction: rationale and design of the REVIVED-BCIS2 Trial: percutaneous coronary intervention for ischemic cardiomyopathy". J Am Coll Cardiol HF . 2018;6:517-526.
10. "Coronary artery bypass surgery improves outcomes in patients with diabetes and left ventricular dysfunction". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2018;71:819-827.
11. "Effect of coronary bypass surgery on survival patterns in subsets of patients with left main coronary artery disease. Report of the Collaborative Study in Coronary Artery Surgery (CASS)". Am J Cardiol . 1981;48:765-777.
12. "Importance of angina in patients with coronary disease, heart failure, and left ventricular systolic dysfunction: insights from STICH". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2015;66:2092-2100.
13. "Eleven-year survival in the Veterans Administration randomized trial of coronary bypass surgery for stable angina". N Engl J Med . 1984;311:1333-1339.
14. "Eighteen-year follow-up in the Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study of Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery for stable angina". Circulation . 1992;86:121-130.
15. "Coronary bypass surgery with or without surgical ventricular reconstruction". N Engl J Med . 2009;360:1705-1717.
16. "Favorable effects of left ventricular reconstruction in patients excluded from the Surgical Treatments for Ischemic Heart Failure (STICH) trial". J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg . 2011;141:905-916. 916e1-4.
7.5. Valvular Heart Disease
1. "Evolution of functional mitral regurgitation and prognosis in medically managed heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction". J Am Coll Cardiol HF . 2017;5:652-659.
2. "Effects of carvedilol on left ventricular mass, chamber geometry, and mitral regurgitation in chronic heart failure". Am J Cardiol . 1999;83:1201-1205.
3. "β-Blockade therapy in chronic heart failure: diastolic function and mitral regurgitation improvement by carvedilol". Am Heart J . 2000;139:596-608.
4. "Angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor for functional mitral regurgitation". Circulation . 2019;139:1354-1365.
5. "Cardiac resynchronization therapy as a therapeutic option in patients with moderate-severe functional mitral regurgitation and high operative risk". Circulation . 2011;124:912-919.
6. "Percutaneous repair or medical treatment for secondary mitral regurgitation". N Engl J Med . 2018;379:2297-2306.
7. "Association of renin-angiotensin inhibitor treatment with mortality and heart failure readmission in patients with transcatheter aortic valve replacement". JAMA . 2018;320:2231-2241.
8. "5-year outcomes of transcatheter aortic valve replacement compared with standard treatment for patients with inoperable aortic stenosis (PARTNER 1): a randomised controlled trial". Lancet . 2015;385:2485-2491.
9. "Long-term vasodilator therapy in patients with severe aortic regurgitation". N Engl J Med . 2005;353:1342-1349.
10. "Improved outcomes after aortic valve surgery for chronic aortic regurgitation with severe left ventricular dysfunction". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2007;49:1465-1471.
11. "5-year outcomes of transcatheter aortic valve replacement or surgical aortic valve replacement for high surgical risk patients with aortic stenosis (PARTNER 1): a randomised controlled trial". Lancet . 2015;385:2477-2484.
12. "Long-term prognosis of medically treated patients with functional mitral regurgitation and left ventricular dysfunction". Eur J Heart Fail . 2009;11:581-587.
13. "Effect of QRS narrowing after cardiac resynchronization therapy on functional mitral regurgitation in patients with systolic heart failure". Am J Cardiol . 2016;117:412-419.
14. "Effect of cardiac resynchronization therapy on left ventricular size and function in chronic heart failure". Circulation . 2003;107:1985-1990.
15. "2020 ACC/AHA guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2021;77:e25-e197.
16. "Functional mitral regurgitation predicts short-term adverse events in patients with acute heart failure and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction". Am J Cardiol . 2017;120:1344-1348.
17. "Acute effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy on functional mitral regurgitation in advanced systolic heart failure". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2003;41:765-770.
18. "Interventions for secondary mitral regurgitation in patients with heart failure: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled comparisons of surgery, medical therapy and transcatheter intervention". Cardiovasc Revasc Med . 2020;21:155-163.
19. "Proportionate and disproportionate functional mitral regurgitation: a new conceptual framework that reconciles the results of the MITRA-FR and COAPT Trials". J Am Coll Cardiol Img . 2019;12:353-362.
20. "Disproportionate functional mitral regurgitation: a new therapeutic target in patients with heart failure and a reduced ejection fraction". Eur J Heart Fail . 2020;22:23-25.
21. "Contrasting effects of pharmacological, procedural, and surgical interventions on proportionate and disproportionate functional mitral regurgitation in chronic heart failure". Circulation . 2019;140:779-789.
22. "Impact of cardiac contractility modulation on left ventricular global and regional function and remodeling". J Am Coll Cardiol Img . 2009;2:1341-1349.
23. "Low-gradient aortic stenosis". Eur Heart J . 2016;7:2645-2657.
24. "Low transvalvular flow rate predicts mortality in patients with low-gradient aortic stenosis following aortic valve intervention". J Am Coll Cardiol Img . 2019;12:1715-1724.
25. "Rationale and design of the Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement to UNload the Left ventricle in patients with ADvanced heart failure (TAVR UNLOAD) trial". Am Heart J . 2016;182:80-88.
26. "2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2014;63:e57-e185.
27. "Neurohormonal and transcatheter repair strategies for proportionate and disproportionate functional mitral regurgitation in heart failure". J Am Coll Cardiol HF . 2019;7:518-521.
28. "Transcatheter mitral-valve repair in patients with heart failure". N Engl J Med . 2018;379:2307-2318.
29. "Transcatheter aortic-valve implantation for aortic stenosis in patients who cannot undergo surgery". N Engl J Med . 2010;363:1597-1607.
30. "Transcatheter aortic-valve replacement for inoperable severe aortic stenosis". N Engl J Med . 2012;366:1696-1704.
31. "Outcome after aortic valve replacement for low-flow/low-gradient aortic stenosis without contractile reserve on dobutamine stress echocardiography". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2009;53:1865-1873.
32. "Predictors of mortality and outcomes of therapy in low-flow severe aortic stenosis: a Placement of Aortic Transcatheter Valves (PARTNER) trial analysis". Circulation . 2013;127:2316-2326.
33. "Evaluation of flow after transcatheter aortic valve replacement in patients with low-flow aortic stenosis: a secondary analysis of the PARTNER randomized clinical trial". JAMA Cardiol . 2016;1:584-592.
34. "Optimizing timing of surgical correction in patients with severe aortic regurgitation: role of symptoms". J Am Coll Cardiol . 1997;30:746-752.
35. "Outcomes after aortic valve replacement in patients with severe aortic regurgitation and markedly reduced left ventricular function". Circulation . 2002;106:2687-2693.
7.6.1. Heart Failure With Mildly Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFmrEF)
1. "Empagliflozin in heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction". N Engl J Med . 2021;385:1451-1461.
2. "Beta-blockers for heart failure with reduced, mid-range, and preserved ejection fraction: an individual patient-level analysis of double-blind randomized trials". Eur Heart J . 2018;39:26-35.
3. "Angiotensin-neprilysin inhibition in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction". N Engl J Med . 2019;381:1609-1620.
4. "Withdrawal of pharmacological treatment for heart failure in patients with recovered dilated cardiomyopathy (TRED-HF): an open-label, pilot, randomised trial". Lancet . 2019;393:61-73.
5. "Long-term results of high-intensity exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation in revascularized patients for symptomatic coronary artery disease". Am J Cardiol . 2018;121:21-26.
6. "Influence of ejection fraction on outcomes and efficacy of sacubitril/valsartan (lcz696) in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: the Prospective Comparison of ARNI with ACEI to Determine Impact on Global Mortality and Morbidity in Heart Failure (PARADIGM-HF) trial". Circ Heart Fail . 2016;9: e002744.
7. "Characterization of heart failure patients with mid-range left ventricular ejection fraction-a report from the CHART-2 Study". Eur J Heart Fail . 2017;19:1258-1269.
8. "Sacubitril/valsartan across the spectrum of ejection fraction in heart failure". Circulation . 2020;141:352-361.
9. "Drug treatment effects on outcomes in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Heart . 2018;104:407-415.
10. "Effect of empagliflozin on worsening heart failure events in patients with heart failure and a preserved ejection fraction: the EMPEROR-Preserved trial". Circulation . 2021;144:1284-1294.
7.6.2. HF With Improved Ejection Fraction
1. "Withdrawal of pharmacological treatment for heart failure in patients with recovered dilated cardiomyopathy (TRED-HF): an open-label, pilot, randomised trial". Lancet . 2019;393:61-73.
2. "Heart failure with recovered left ventricular ejection fraction: JACC Scientific Expert Panel". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2020;76:719-734.
3. "Universal definition and classification of heart failure: a report of the Heart Failure Society of America, Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology, Japanese Heart Failure Society and Writing Committee of the Universal Definition of Heart Failure". J Card Fail . 2021;27:387-413.
7.7.1. HF With Preserved EF (HFpEF)
1. "Effects of blood-pressure-lowering treatment in hypertension: 9. Discontinuations for adverse events attributed to different classes of antihypertensive drugs: meta-analyses of randomized trials". J Hypertens . 2016;34:1921-1932.
2. "Intensive vs standard blood pressure control and cardiovascular disease outcomes in adults aged ≥75 years: a randomized clinical trial". JAMA . 2016;315:2673-2682.
3. "A randomized trial of intensive versus standard blood-pressure control". N Engl J Med . 2015;373:2103-2116.
4. "Empagliflozin in heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction". N Engl J Med . 2021;385:1451-1461.
5. "Spironolactone for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction". N Engl J Med . 2014;370:1383-1392.
6. "Regional variation in patients and outcomes in the Treatment of Preserved Cardiac Function Heart Failure With an Aldosterone Antagonist (TOPCAT) trial". Circulation . 2015;131:34-42.
7. "Influence of ejection fraction on outcomes and efficacy of sacubitril/valsartan (lcz696) in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: the Prospective Comparison of ARNI with ACEI to Determine Impact on Global Mortality and Morbidity in Heart Failure (PARADIGM-HF) trial". Circ Heart Fail . 2016;9: e002744.
8. "Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and preserved left-ventricular ejection fraction: the CHARM-Preserved Trial". Lancet . 2003;362:777-781.
9. "Heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction in CHARM: characteristics, outcomes and effect of candesartan across the entire ejection fraction spectrum". Eur J Heart Fail . 2018;20:1230-1239.
10. "Angiotensin-neprilysin inhibition in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction". N Engl J Med . 2019;381:1609-1620.
11. "Sacubitril/valsartan across the spectrum of ejection fraction in heart failure". Circulation . 2020;141:352-361.
12. "Isosorbide mononitrate in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction". N Engl J Med . 2015;373:2314-2324.
13. "Effect of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibition on exercise capacity and clinical status in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a randomized clinical trial". JAMA . 2013;309:1268-1277.
14. "Pleural fluid amino-terminal brain natriuretic peptide in patients with pleural effusions". Respir Care . 2013;58:313-319.
15. "Impact of noncardiac comorbidities on morbidity and mortality in a predominantly male population with heart failure and preserved versus reduced ejection fraction". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2012;59:998-1005.
16. "Noncardiac comorbidities in heart failure with reduced versus preserved ejection fraction". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2014;64:2281-2293.
17. "A novel paradigm for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: comorbidities drive myocardial dysfunction and remodeling through coronary microvascular endothelial inflammation". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2013;62:263-271.
18. "Differential clinical profiles, exercise responses, and outcomes associated with existing HFpEF definitions". Circulation . 2019;140:353-365.
19. "Irbesartan in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction". N Engl J Med . 2008;359:2456-2467.
20. "The perindopril in elderly people with chronic heart failure (PEP-CHF) study". Eur Heart J . 2006;27:2338-2345.
21. "Treatment of hypertension in patients 80 years of age or older". N Engl J Med . 2008;358:1887-1898.
22. "Prevention of heart failure by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension. SHEP Cooperative Research Group". JAMA . 1997;278:212-216.
23. "Long-term follow-up of participants with heart failure in the antihypertensive and lipid-lowering treatment to prevent heart attack trial (ALLHAT)". Circulation . 2011;124:1811-1818.
24. "Effects of intensive blood pressure lowering on cardiovascular and renal outcomes: updated systematic review and meta-analysis". Lancet . 2016;387:435-443.
25. "Use of blood pressure lowering drugs in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of 147 randomised trials in the context of expectations from prospective epidemiological studies". BMJ . 2009;338:b1665.
26. "2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2018;71:e127-e248.
27. "Effect of propranolol versus no propranolol on total mortality plus nonfatal myocardial infarction in older patients with prior myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, and left ventricular ejection fraction > or = 40% treated with diuretics plus angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors". Am J Cardiol . 1997;80:207-209.
28. "Beta-blockade with nebivolol in elderly heart failure patients with impaired and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction: Data From SENIORS (Study of Effects of Nebivolol Intervention on Outcomes and Rehospitalization in Seniors With Heart Failure)". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2009;53:2150-2158.
29. "Global cardiovascular reserve dysfunction in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2010;56:845-854.
30. "Empagliflozin in heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction". N Engl J Med . 2021;385:1451-1461.
31. "Effect of empagliflozin on worsening heart failure events in patients with heart failure and a preserved ejection fraction: the EMPEROR-Preserved trial". Circulation . 2021;144:1284-1294.
32. "Effect of digoxin vs bisoprolol for heart rate control in atrial fibrillation on patient-reported quality of life: the RATE-AF randomized clinical trial". JAMA . 2020;324:2497-2508.
33. "2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2014;64:e1-e76.
34. "2019 AHA/ACC/HRS focused update of the 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2019;74:104-132.
35. "Effect of spironolactone on diastolic function and exercise capacity in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: the Aldo-DHF randomized controlled trial". JAMA . 2013;309:781-791.
36. "Diastolic heart failure: evidence of increased myocardial collagen turnover linked to diastolic dysfunction". Circulation . 2007;115:888-895.
37. "Roles of renin-angiotensin and endothelin systems in development of diastolic heart failure in hypertensive hearts". Cardiovasc Res . 2000;47:274-283.
38. "Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and preserved left-ventricular ejection fraction: the CHARM-Preserved Trial". Lancet . 2003;362:777-781.
39. "Long-term results of high-intensity exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation in revascularized patients for symptomatic coronary artery disease". Am J Cardiol . 2018;121:21-26.
40. "Do beta-blockers and inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system improve outcomes in patients with heart failure and left ventricular ejection fraction >40". Heart . 2019;105:1533-1535.
41. "Beta-blockers and inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system for chronic heart failure with preserved ejection fraction". Cochrane Database Syst Rev . 2018;6:CD012721.
42. "The angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor LCZ696 in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a phase 2 double-blind randomised controlled trial". Lancet . 2012;380:1387-1395.
43. "Effects of sacubitril-valsartan versus valsartan in women compared with men with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction: insights from PARAGON-HF". Circulation . 2020;141:338-351.
44. "Sacubitril/valsartan across the spectrum of ejection fraction in heart failure". Circulation . 2020;141:352-361.
45. "Isosorbide mononitrate in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction". N Engl J Med . 2015;373:2314-2324.
7.8.1. Diagnosis of Cardiac Amyloidosis
1. "Unveiling transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis and its predictors among elderly patients with severe aortic stenosis undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement". Eur Heart J . 2017;38:2879-2887.
2. "Wild-type transthyretin amyloidosis as a cause of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction". Eur Heart J . 2015;36:2585-2594.
3. "Tenosynovial and cardiac amyloidosis in patients undergoing carpal tunnel release". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2018;72:2040-2050.
4. "Transthyretin-derived amyloidosis: probably a common cause of lumbar spinal stenosis". Ups J Med Sci . 2014;119:223-228.
5. "Genotype and phenotype of transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis: THAOS (Transthyretin Amyloid Outcome Survey)". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2016;68:161-172.
6. "A modern primer on light chain amyloidosis in 592 patients with mass spectrometry-verified typing". Mayo Clin Proc . 2019;94:472-483.
7. "Nonbiopsy diagnosis of cardiac transthyretin amyloidosis". Circulation . 2016;133:2404-2412.
8. "Genetic testing improves identification of transthyretin amyloid (ATTR) subtype in cardiac amyloidosis". Amyloid . 2017;24:92-95.
9. "Cardiac amyloidosis: evolving diagnosis and management: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association". Circulation . 2020;142:e7-e22.
10. "Left ventricular structure and function in transthyretin-related versus light-chain cardiac amyloidosis". Circulation . 2014;129:1840-1849.
11. "Diagnostic performance of quantitative kappa and lambda free light chain assays in clinical practice". Clin Chem . 2005;51:878-881.
12. "Multicenter study of planar technetium 99m pyrophosphate cardiac imaging: predicting survival for patients with ATTR cardiac amyloidosis". JAMA Cardiol . 2016;1:880-889.
13. "Patisiran, an RNAi therapeutic, for hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis". N Engl J Med . 2018;379:11-21.
14. "Inotersen treatment for patients with hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis". N Engl J Med . 2018;379:22-31.
7.8.2. Treatment of Cardiac Amyloidosis
1. "Tafamidis treatment for patients with transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy". N Engl J Med . 2018;379:1007-1016.
2. "Cost-effectiveness of tafamidis therapy for transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy". Circulation . 2020;141:1214-1224.
3. "Direct current cardioversion of atrial arrhythmias in adults with cardiac amyloidosis". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2019;73:589-597.
4. "Intracardiac thrombosis and anticoagulation therapy in cardiac amyloidosis". Circulation . 2009;119:2490-2497.
5. "Outcomes in patients with cardiac amyloidosis and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator". Europace . 2020;22:1216-1223.
6. "Inotersen treatment for patients with hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis". N Engl J Med . 2018;379:22-31.
7. "Patisiran, an RNAi therapeutic, for hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis". N Engl J Med . 2018;379:11-21.
8. "Repurposing diflunisal for familial amyloid polyneuropathy: a randomized clinical trial". JAMA . 2013;310:2658-2667.
9. "Effect of doxycycline and ursodeoxycholic acid on transthyretin amyloidosis". Amyloid . 2017;24:78-79.
10. "Doxycycline plus tauroursodeoxycholic acid for transthyretin amyloidosis: a phase II study". Amyloid . 2012;19:suppl 1: 34-36.
11. "Green tea extract as a treatment for patients with wild-type transthyretin amyloidosis: an observational study". Drug Des Devel Ther . 2015;9:6319-6325.
12. "Intracardiac thrombosis and embolism in patients with cardiac amyloidosis". Circulation . 2007;116:2420-2426.
13. "No association between CHADS-VASc score and left atrial appendage thrombus in patients with transthyretin amyloidosis". J Am Coll Cardiol EP . 2019;5:1473-1474.
8.1. Specialty Referral for Advanced HF
1. "Advanced heart failure: a position statement of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology". Eur J Heart Fail . 2018;20:1505-1535.
2. "Advanced (stage D) heart failure: a statement from the Heart Failure Society of America Guidelines Committee". J Card Fail . 2015;21:519-534.
3. "Advanced heart failure: trans-atlantic perspectives on the heart failure association of the European Society of Cardiology position statement". Eur J Heart Fail . 2018;20:1536-1539.
4. "2009 Focused update incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2005 guidelines for the diagnosis and management of heart failure in adults a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2009;53:e1-e90.
5. "2017 ACC/AHA/HFSA focused update of the 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Failure Society of America". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2017;70:776-803.
6. "Specialist clinics for reducing emergency admissions in patients with heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials". Heart . 2013;99:233-239.
7. "INTERMACS profiles of advanced heart failure: the current picture". J Heart Lung Transplant . 2009;28:535-541.
8. "Characteristics and in-hospital outcomes for nonadherent patients with heart failure: findings from Get With The Guidelines-Heart Failure (GWTG-HF)". Am Heart J . 2009;158:644-652.
9. "Medication adherence interventions for older adults with heart failure: a systematic review". J Gerontol Nurs . 2017;43:37-45.
10. "Impact of medication nonadherence on hospitalizations and mortality in heart failure". J Card Fail . 2011;17:664-669.
11. "Medication adherence interventions improve heart failure mortality and readmission rates: systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials". J Am Heart Assoc . 2016;5: e002606.
12. "2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2013;62:e147-e239.
13. "Advanced heart failure: a call to action". Congest Heart Fail . 2008;14:316-321.
14. "2017 ACC expert consensus decision pathway for optimization of heart failure treatment: answers to 10 pivotal issues about heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: a report of the American College of Cardiology Task Force on expert consensus decision pathways". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2018;71:201-230.
15. "Evaluation for heart transplantation and LVAD implantation: JACC council perspectives". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2020;75:1471-1487.
16. "Triage of patients with moderate to severe heart failure: who should be referred to a heart failure center?"J Am Coll Cardiol . 2014;63:661-671.
17. "Outcomes of left ventricular assist device implantation as destination therapy in the post-REMATCH era: implications for patient selection". Circulation . 2007;116:497-505.
18. "“I Need Help”—A mnemonic to aid timely referral in advanced heart failure". J Heart Lung Transplant . 2017;36:593-594.
19. "The 2013 International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation guidelines for mechanical circulatory support: executive summary". J Heart Lung Transplant . 2013;32:157-187.
20. "The 2016 International Society for Heart Lung Transplantation listing criteria for heart transplantation: a 10-year update". J Heart Lung Transplant . 2016;35:1-23.
21. "Predicting survival in heart failure: a risk score based on 39 372 patients from 30 studies". Eur Heart J . 2013;34:1404-1413.
22. "The Seattle Heart Failure Model: prediction of survival in heart failure". Circulation . 2006;113:1424-1433.
23. "Clinical course and predictive value of congestion during hospitalization in patients admitted for worsening signs and symptoms of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: findings from the EVEREST trial". Eur Heart J . 2013;34:835-843.
24. "Prognostic value of the physical examination in patients with heart failure and atrial fibrillation: insights from the AF-CHF trial (atrial fibrillation and chronic heart failure)". J Am Coll Cardiol HF . 2014;2:15-23.
25. "Prognostic importance of elevated jugular venous pressure and a third heart sound in patients with heart failure". N Engl J Med . 2001;345:574-581.
26. "Relation of volume overload to clinical outcomes in acute heart failure (from ASCEND-HF)". Am J Cardiol . 2018;122:1506-1512.
27. "Utility of the cardiovascular physical examination and impact of spironolactone in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction". Circ Heart Fail . 2019;12: e006125.
28. "Prognostic implications of congestion on physical examination among contemporary patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction: PARADIGM-HF". Circulation . 2019;140:1369-1379.
29. "Prognostic significance of longitudinal clinical congestion pattern in chronic heart failure: insights from TIME-CHF Trial". Am J Med . 2019;132:e679-e692.
30. "Prognosis on chronic dobutamine or milrinone infusions for stage D heart failure". Circ Heart Fail . 2009;2:320-324.
31. "Relation of loop diuretic dose to mortality in advanced heart failure". Am J Cardiol . 2006;97:1759-1764.
32. "Prognostic importance of defibrillator shocks in patients with heart failure". N Engl J Med . 2008;359:1009-1017.
33. "Weight loss in obese patients with heart failure". J Am Heart Assoc . 2016;5: e002468.
34. "Prognostic importance of weight loss in chronic heart failure and the effect of treatment with angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: an observational study". Lancet . 2003;361:1077-1083.
35. "Development of circulatory-renal limitations to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors identifies patients with severe heart failure and early mortality". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2003;41:2029-2035.
36. "Repeated hospitalizations predict mortality in the community population with heart failure". Am Heart J . 2007;154:260-266.
37. "Recommendations for the use of mechanical circulatory support: ambulatory and community patient care: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association". Circulation . 2017;135:e1145-e1158.
8.2. Nonpharmacological Management: Advanced HF
1. "Management of hyponatremia in acute heart failure: a report from the hyponatremia registry for patients with euvolemic and hypervolemic hyponatremia (HN Registry)". J Am Heart Assoc . 2017;6: e005261.
2. "Salt and fluid restriction is effective in patients with chronic heart failure". Eur J Heart Fail . 2013;15:1304-1310.
3. "A randomized controlled pilot study of outcomes of strict allowance of fluid therapy in hyponatremic heart failure (SALT-HF)". J Card Fail . 2013;19:1-9.
4. "Effects of limiting fluid intake on clinical and laboratory outcomes in patients with heart failure. Results of a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Herz . 2016;41:63-75.
5. "Relationship between admission serum sodium concentration and clinical outcomes in patients hospitalized for heart failure: an analysis from the OPTIMIZE-HF registry". Eur Heart J . 2007;28:980-988.
6. "Hyponatremia and worsening sodium levels are associated with long-term outcome in patients hospitalized for acute heart failure". J Am Heart Assoc . 2016;5: e002668.
7. "Identifying patients hospitalized with heart failure at risk for unfavorable future quality of life". Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes . 2011;4:389-398.
8. "Improvement of hyponatremia is associated with lower mortality risk in patients with acute decompensated heart failure: a meta-analysis of cohort studies". Heart Fail Rev . 2019;24:209-217.
9. "Prognostic significance of discharge hyponatremia in heart failure patients with normal admission sodium (from the ESCAPE Trial)". Am J Cardiol . 2017;120:607-615.
10. "2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2013;62:e147-e239.
11. "Nutrition, obesity, and cachexia in patients with heart failure: a consensus statement from the Heart Failure Society of America Scientific Statements Committee". J Card Fail . 2019;25:380-400.
12. "Expression of concern: normal-sodium diet compared with low-sodium diet in compensated congestive heart failure: is sodium an old enemy or a new friend?"Clin Sci (Lond) . 2020;134:1841.
8.3. Inotropic Support
1. "Left ventricular assist devices or inotropes for decreasing pulmonary vascular resistance in patients with pulmonary hypertension listed for heart transplantation". J Card Fail . 2017;23:209-215.
2. "A single German center experience with intermittent inotropes for patients on the high-urgent heart transplant waiting list". Clin Res Cardiol . 2015;104:929-934.
3. "Comparison of dobutamine versus milrinone therapy in hospitalized patients awaiting cardiac transplantation: a prospective, randomized trial". Am Heart J . 2003;145:324-329.
4. "A prospective study of continuous intravenous milrinone therapy for status IB patients awaiting heart transplant at home". J Heart Lung Transplant . 2004;23:1082-1086.
5. "Prognosis on chronic dobutamine or milrinone infusions for stage D heart failure". Circ Heart Fail . 2009;2:320-324.
6. "Continuous intravenous dobutamine is associated with an increased risk of death in patients with advanced heart failure: insights from the Flolan International Randomized Survival Trial (FIRST)". Am Heart J . 1999;138:78-86.
7. "Care processes and clinical outcomes of continuous outpatient support with inotropes (COSI) in patients with refractory endstage heart failure". J Card Fail . 2003;9:180-187.
8. "In-hospital mortality in patients with acute decompensated heart failure requiring intravenous vasoactive medications: an analysis from the Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry (ADHERE)". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2005;46:57-64.
9. "Ambulatory inotrope infusions in advanced heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis". J Am Coll Cardiol HF . 2018;6:757-767.
10. "Intermittent 6-month low-dose dobutamine infusion in severe heart failure: DICE multicenter trial". Am Heart J . 1999;138:247-253.
11. "Short-term intravenous milrinone for acute exacerbation of chronic heart failure: a randomized controlled trial". JAMA . 2002;287:1541-1547.
12. "Use and impact of inotropes and vasodilator therapy in hospitalized patients with severe heart failure". Am Heart J . 2007;153:98-104.
13. "Levosimendan vs. dobutamine: outcomes for acute heart failure patients on beta-blockers in SURVIVE". Eur J Heart Fail . 2009;11:304-311.
14. "Infections, arrhythmias, and hospitalizations on home intravenous inotropic therapy". Am J Cardiol . 2016;117:952-956.
15. "Clinical characteristics and outcomes of intravenous inotropic therapy in advanced heart failure". Circ Heart Fail . 2015;8:880-886.
16. "Calcium upregulation by percutaneous administration of gene therapy in patients with cardiac disease (CUPID 2): a randomised, multinational, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2b trial". Lancet . 2016;387:1178-1186.
8.4. Mechanical Circulatory Support (MCS)
1. "Use of a continuous-flow device in patients awaiting heart transplantation". N Engl J Med . 2007;357:885-896.
2. "A fully magnetically levitated left ventricular assist device - final report". N Engl J Med . 2019;380:1618-1627.
3. "Left Ventricular assist device as a bridge to recovery for patients with advanced heart failure". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2017;69:1924-1933.
4. "Overall quality of life improves to similar levels after mechanical circulatory support regardless of severity of heart failure before implantation". J Heart Lung Transplant . 2014;33:412-421.
5. "Screening for heart transplantation and left ventricular assist system: results from the ScrEEning for advanced Heart Failure treatment (SEE-HF) study". Eur J Heart Fail . 2018;20:152-160.
6. "Impact of fixed pulmonary hypertension on post-heart transplant outcomes in bridge-to-transplant patients". J Heart Lung Transplant . 2010;29:1253-1258.
7. "Advanced heart failure treated with continuous-flow left ventricular assist device". N Engl J Med . 2009;361:2241-2251.
8. "HVAD: the ENDURANCE supplemental trials". J Am Coll Cardiol HF . 2018;6:792-802.
9. "Long-term outcome of heart transplantation performed after ventricular assist device compared with standard heart transplantation". Arch Cardiovasc Dis . 2019;112:485-493.
10. "The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Intermacs 2020 annual report". Ann Thorac Surg . 2021;111:778-792.
11. "Left ventricular assist devices in pulmonary hypertension group 2 with significantly elevated pulmonary vascular resistance: a bridge to cure". Heart Lung Circ . 2019;28:946-952.
12. "Long-term use of a left ventricular assist device for end-stage heart failure". N Engl J Med . 2001;345:1435-1443.
13. "Left ventricular assist devices versus medical management in ambulatory heart failure patients: an analysis of INTERMACS Profiles 4 and 5 to 7 from the ROADMAP study". J Heart Lung Transplant . 2018;37:706-714.
14. "INTERMACS (Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support) profiling identifies ambulatory patients at high risk on medical therapy after hospitalizations for heart failure". Circ Heart Fail . 2016;9: e003032.
15. "Preoperative determinants of quality of life and functional capacity response to left ventricular assist device therapy". J Card Fail . 2016;22:797-805.
16. "Heartmate 3 fully magnetically levitated left ventricular assist device for the treatment of advanced heart failure -1 year results from the Ce mark trial". J Cardiothorac Surg . 2017;12:23.
17. "Changes in disease-specific versus generic health status measures after left ventricular assist device implantation: insights from INTERMACS". J Heart Lung Transplant . 2017;36:1243-1249.
18. "Chronic mechanical circulatory support for inotrope-dependent heart failure patients who are not transplant candidates: results of the INTrEPID Trial". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2007;50:741-747.
19. "Risk assessment and comparative effectiveness of left ventricular assist device and medical management in ambulatory heart failure patients: the ROADMAP study 2-year results". J Am Coll Cardiol HF . 2017;5:518-527.
20. "Cost-effectiveness of left ventricular assist devices in ambulatory patients with advanced heart failure". J Am Coll Cardiol HF . 2017;5:110-119.
21. "Comparative survival and cost-effectiveness of advanced therapies for end-stage heart failure". Circ Heart Fail . 2014;7:470-478.
22. "Cost-effectiveness of thoracotomy approach for the implantation of a centrifugal left ventricular assist device". ASAIO J . 2020;66:855-861.
23. "Cost-effectiveness analysis of continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices as destination therapy". Circ Heart Fail . 2012;5:10-16.
24. "Cost-effectiveness of a small intrapericardial centrifugal left ventricular assist device". ASAIO J . 2020;66:862-870.
25. "Postmarket experience with HeartMate 3 left ventricular assist device: 30-day outcomes from the ELEVATE registry". Ann Thorac Surg . 2019;107:33-39.
26. "Survival on the heart transplant waiting list: impact of continuous flow left ventricular assist device as bridge to transplant". Ann Thorac Surg . 2014;98:830-834.
27. "Percutaneous short-term active mechanical support devices in cardiogenic shock: a systematic review and collaborative meta-analysis of randomized trials". Eur Heart J . 2017;38:3523-3531.
28. "Primary intra-aortic balloon support versus inotropes for decompensated heart failure and low output: a randomised trial". EuroIntervention . 2019;15:586-593.
29. "Incidence of temporary mechanical circulatory support before heart transplantation and impact on post-transplant outcomes". J Heart Lung Transplant . 2018;37:1060-1066.
30. "Frequency of poor outcome (death or poor quality of life) after left ventricular assist device for destination therapy: results from the INTERMACS registry". Circ Heart Fail . 2016;9: e002800.
31. "Intrapericardial left ventricular assist device for advanced heart failure". N Engl J Med . 2017;376:451-460.
32. "Quality of life and functional status in patients surviving 12 months after left ventricular assist device implantation". J Heart Lung Transplant . 2010;29:278-285.
33. "HeartWare ventricular assist system for bridge to transplant: combined results of the bridge to transplant and continued access protocol trial". J Heart Lung Transplant . 2013;32:675-683.
34. "Prediction of right ventricular failure after ventricular assist device implant: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies". Eur J Heart Fail . 2017;19:926-946.
35. "Prospective assessment of frailty using the Fried criteria in patients undergoing left ventricular assist device therapy". Am J Cardiol . 2017;120:1349-1354.
36. "The HeartMate risk score identifies patients with similar mortality risk across all INTERMACS profiles in a large multicenter analysis". J Am Coll Cardiol HF . 2016;4:950-958.
37. "Antithrombotic therapy for left ventricular assist devices in adults: a systematic review". J Thromb Haemost . 2015;13:946-955.
38. "Algorithm for the diagnosis and management of suspected pump thrombus". J Heart Lung Transplant . 2013;32:667-670.
39. "Adverse neurologic events in patients bridged with long-term mechanical circulatory support: a device-specific comparative analysis". J Heart Lung Transplant . 2015;34:1578-1585.
40. "Pre-operative and post-operative risk factors associated with neurologic complications in patients with advanced heart failure supported by a left ventricular assist device". J Heart Lung Transplant . 2012;31:1-8.
41. "Clinical outcome and comparison of three different left ventricular assist devices in a high-risk cohort". Artif Organs . 2018;42:1035-1042.
42. "Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy in patients with heart failure and left ventricular assist devices as a bridge to transplant". Surg Obes Relat Dis . 2018;14:1269-1273.
43. "Muscular strength and cardiorespiratory fitness are associated with health status in patients with recently implanted continuous-flow LVADs". J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev . 2013;33:396-400.
44. "Comparison of continuous-flow ventricular assist device therapy with intensive medical therapy in fixed pulmonary hypertension secondary to advanced left heart failure". ESC Heart Fail . 2018;5:695-702.
45. "Left ventricular assist device recovery: does duration of mechanical support matter?"Heart Fail Rev . 2019;24:237-244.
46. "Trends in left ventricular assist device use and outcomes among Medicare beneficiaries, 2004-2011". Open Heart . 2014;1: e000109.
47. "Healthcare resource use and cost implications in the MOMENTUM 3 long-term outcome study". Circulation . 2018;138:1923-1934.
48. "The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Intermacs 2019 annual report: the changing landscape of devices and indications". Ann Thorac Surg . 2020;109:649-660.
8.5. Cardiac Transplantation
1. "The International Thoracic Organ Transplant Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: thirty-sixth adult heart transplantation report - 2019; focus theme: donor and recipient size match". J Heart Lung Transplant . 2019;38:1056-1066.
2. "OPTN/SRTR 2018 annual data report: heart". Am J Transplant . 2020;20:Suppl 1: 340-426.
3. "The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Intermacs 2019 annual report: the changing landscape of devices and indications". Ann Thorac Surg . 2020;109:649-660.
4. "Comparative survival and cost-effectiveness of advanced therapies for end-stage heart failure". Circ Heart Fail . 2014;7:470-478.
5. "Adult heart allocation". 2018. https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/learn/professional-education/adult-heart-allocation/. Accessed
September 15, 2020 .6. "An early investigation of outcomes with the new 2018 donor heart allocation system in the United States". J Heart Lung Transplant . 2020;39:1-4.
7. "A change of heart: preliminary results of the US 2018 adult heart allocation revision". Am J Transplant . 2020;20:2781-2790.
8. "Reassessing recipient mortality under the new heart allocation system: an updated UNOS registry analysis". J Am Coll Cardiol HF . 2020;8:548-556.
9. "Outcomes of the first 1300 adult heart transplants in the United States after the allocation policy change". Circulation . 2020;141:1662-1664.
10. "“Unintended” consequences of changes in heart transplant allocation policy: impact on practice patterns". ASAIO J . 2020;66:125-127.
11. "Outcomes in the 2018 UNOS donor heart allocation system: a perspective on disparate analyses". J Heart Lung Transplant . 2020;39:1191-1194.
12. "Changes in exercise capacity, ventilation, and body weight following heart transplantation". Eur J Heart Fail . 2007;9:310-316.
13. "A controlled trial of exercise rehabilitation after heart transplantation". N Engl J Med . 1999;340:272-277.
14. "Lifestyle and quality of life in long-term cardiac transplant recipients". J Heart Lung Transplant . 2003;22:309-321.
15. "Patterns and predictors of quality of life at 5 to 10 years after heart transplantation". J Heart Lung Transplant . 2007;26:535-543.
16. "Pulmonary hypertension in potential heart transplant recipients: current treatment strategies". Curr Opin Organ Transplant . 2015;20:570-576.
17. "Advanced heart failure therapies for adults with congenital heart disease: JACC state-of-the-art review". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2019;74:2295-2312.
18. "Survival after cardiac transplantation in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy". Circ Heart Fail . 2010;3:574-579.
19. "Clinical outcomes after cardiac transplantation in muscular dystrophy patients". J Heart Lung Transplant . 2010;29:432-438.
20. "A contemporary analysis of heart transplantation and bridge-to-transplant mechanical circulatory support outcomes in cardiac sarcoidosis". J Card Fail . 2018;24:384-391.
21. "Outcomes in patients with cardiac amyloidosis undergoing heart transplantation". J Am Coll Cardiol HF . 2020;8:461-468.
22. "Peak VO2 and VE/VCO2 slope in patients with heart failure: a prognostic comparison". Am Heart J . 2004;147:354-360.
23. "Value of peak exercise oxygen consumption combined with B-type natriuretic peptide levels for optimal timing of cardiac transplantation". Circ Heart Fail . 2013;6:6-14.
24. "Ventilatory efficiency and the selection of patients for heart transplantation". Circ Heart Fail . 2010;3:378-386.
25. "Role of cardiopulmonary exercise testing in clinical stratification in heart failure. A position paper from the Committee on Exercise Physiology and Training of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology". Eur J Heart Fail . 2018;20:3-15.
26. "The effect of beta-adrenergic blockers on the prognostic value of peak exercise oxygen uptake in patients with heart failure". J Heart Lung Transplant . 2003;22:70-77.
27. "Value of peak exercise oxygen consumption for optimal timing of cardiac transplantation in ambulatory patients with heart failure". Circulation . 1991;83:778-786.
28. "B-type natriuretic peptide levels are not a surrogate marker for invasive hemodynamics during management of patients with severe heart failure". Am Heart J . 2005;149:363-369.
29. "The 2016 International Society for Heart Lung Transplantation listing criteria for heart transplantation: a 10-year update". J Heart Lung Transplant . 2016;35:1-23.
30. "Cost-effectiveness of tafamidis therapy for transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy". Circulation . 2020;141:1214-1224.
9.1. Assessment of Patients Hospitalized With Decompensated HF
1. "Value of clinician assessment of hemodynamics in advanced heart failure: the ESCAPE trial". Circ Heart Fail . 2008;1:170-177.
2. "Acute heart failure congestion and perfusion status-impact of the clinical classification on in-hospital and long-term outcomes; insights from the ESC-EORP-HFA Heart Failure Long-Term Registry". Eur J Heart Fail . 2019;21:1338-1352.
3. "Predictors of postdischarge outcomes from information acquired shortly after admission for acute heart failure: a report from the placebo-controlled randomized study of the selective A1 adenosine receptor antagonist rolofylline for patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure and volume overload to assess treatment effect on congestion and renal function (PROTECT) study". Circ Heart Fail . 2014;7:76-87.
4. "Clinical course and predictive value of congestion during hospitalization in patients admitted for worsening signs and symptoms of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: findings from the EVEREST trial". Eur Heart J . 2013;34:835-843.
5. "2019 ACC expert consensus decision pathway on risk assessment, management, and clinical trajectory of patients hospitalized with heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Solution Set Oversight Committee". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2019;74:1966-2011.
6. "Precipitating clinical factors, heart failure characterization, and outcomes in patients hospitalized with heart failure with reduced, borderline, and preserved ejection fraction". J Am Coll Cardiol HF . 2016;4:464-472.
7. "Recognition and initial management of fulminant myocarditis: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association". Circulation . 2020;141:e69-e92.
8. "Ventricular arrhythmias in myocarditis: characterization and relationships with myocardial inflammation". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2020;75:1046-1057.
9. "The role of the clinical examination in patients with heart failure". J Am Coll Cardiol HF . 2018;6:543-551.
10. "Clinical assessment identifies hemodynamic profiles that predict outcomes in patients admitted with heart failure". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2003;41:1797-1804.
11. "Mismatch of right and left-sided filling pressures in chronic heart failure". J Card Fail . 2011;17:561-568.
12. "Increased blood lactate is prevalent and identifies poor prognosis in patients with acute heart failure without overt peripheral hypoperfusion". Eur J Heart Fail . 2018;20:1011-1018.
13. "Initiation, continuation, switching and withdrawal of heart failure medical therapies during hospitalization". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2019;7:1-12.
14. "Influence of beta-blocker continuation or withdrawal on outcomes in patients hospitalized with heart failure: findings from the OPTIMIZE-HF program". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2008;52:190-199.
9.2. Maintenance or Optimization of GDMT During Hospitalization
1. "Influence of beta-blocker continuation or withdrawal on outcomes in patients hospitalized with heart failure: findings from the OPTIMIZE-HF program". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2008;52:190-199.
2. "Initiation, continuation, or withdrawal of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers and outcomes in patients hospitalized with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction". J Am Heart Assoc . 2017;6: e004675.
3. "Effect of spironolactone on 30-day death and heart failure rehospitalization (from the COACH Study)". Am J Cardiol . 2014;114:737-742.
4. "Effects of beta-blocker withdrawal in acute decompensated heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis". J Am Coll Cardiol HF . 2015;3:647-653.
5. "Guideline-directed medical therapy and survival following hospitalization in patients with heart failure". Pharmacotherapy . 2018;38:406-416.
6. "Target doses of heart failure medical therapy and blood pressure: insights from the CHAMP-HF Registry". J Am Coll Cardiol HF . 2019;7:350-358.
7. "Systolic blood pressure, cardiovascular outcomes and efficacy and safety of sacubitril/valsartan (LCZ696) in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced ejection fraction: results from PARADIGM-HF". Eur Heart J . 2017;38:1132-1143.
8. "Influence of systolic blood pressure on clinical outcomes in elderly heart failure patients treated with nebivolol: data from the SENIORS trial". Eur J Heart Fail . 2014;16:1009-1015.
9. "Effect of baseline and changes in systolic blood pressure over time on the effectiveness of valsartan in the Valsartan Heart Failure Trial". Circ Heart Fail . 2008;1:34-42.
10. "Worsening renal function in patients with acute heart failure undergoing aggressive diuresis is not associated with tubular injury". Circulation . 2018;137:2016-2028.
11. "Impact of worsening renal function related to medication in heart failure". Eur J Heart Fail . 2015;17:159-168.
12. "Carvedilol use at discharge in patients hospitalized for heart failure is associated with improved survival: an analysis from Organized Program to Initiate Lifesaving Treatment in Hospitalized Patients with Heart Failure (OPTIMIZE-HF)". Am Heart J . 2007;153:82e1-e11.
13. "Clinical effectiveness of beta-blockers in heart failure: findings from the OPTIMIZE-HF (Organized Program to Initiate Lifesaving Treatment in Hospitalized Patients with Heart Failure) Registry". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2009;53:184-192.
14. "Beta-blocker use and 30-day all-cause readmission in Medicare beneficiaries with systolic heart failure". Am J Med . 2015;128:715-721.
15. "Renin-angiotensin system inhibition and lower 30-day all-cause readmission in Medicare beneficiaries with heart failure". Am J Med . 2016;129:1067-1073.
16. "Associations between aldosterone antagonist therapy and risks of mortality and readmission among patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction". JAMA . 2012;308:2097-2107.
17. "Sotagliflozin in patients with diabetes and recent worsening heart failure". N Engl J Med . 2021;384:117-128.
18. "Angiotensin-neprilysin inhibition in acute decompensated heart failure". N Engl J Med . 2019;380:539-548.
19. "Medical therapy for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: the CHAMP-HF registry". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2018;72:351-366.
20. "Treatment initiation patterns, modifications, and medication adherence among newly diagnosed heart failure patients: a retrospective claims database analysis". J Manag Care Spec Pharm . 2016;22:561-571.
21. "Real-world analysis of guideline-based therapy after hospitalization for heart failure". J Am Heart Assoc . 2020;9: e015042.
22. "Titration of medical therapy for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2019;73:2365-2383.
23. "2017 ACC expert consensus decision pathway for optimization of heart failure treatment: answers to 10 pivotal issues about heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: a report of the American College of Cardiology Task Force on Expert Consensus Decision Pathways". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2018;71:201-230.
24. "Initiation, continuation, switching and withdrawal of heart failure medical therapies during hospitalization". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2019;7:1-12.
25. "Transitional adherence and persistence in the use of aldosterone antagonist therapy in patients with heart failure". Am Heart J . 2013;165:979-986.e1.
9.3. Diuretics in Hospitalized Patients: Decongestion Strategy
1. "Diuretic strategies in patients with acute decompensated heart failure". N Engl J Med . 2011;364:797-805.
2. "Evaluation study of congestive heart failure and pulmonary artery catheterization effectiveness: the ESCAPE trial". JAMA . 2005;294:1625-1633.
3. "Ultrafiltration in decompensated heart failure with cardiorenal syndrome". N Engl J Med . 2012;367:2296-2304.
4. "Prevalence, predictors and clinical outcome of residual congestion in acute decompensated heart failure". Int J Cardiol . 2018;258:185-191.
5. "Clinical course and predictive value of congestion during hospitalization in patients admitted for worsening signs and symptoms of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: findings from the EVEREST trial". Eur Heart J . 2013;34:835-843.
6. "Acute heart failure congestion and perfusion status-impact of the clinical classification on in-hospital and long-term outcomes; insights from the ESC-EORP-HFA heart failure long-term registry". Eur J Heart Fail . 2019;21:1338-1352.
7. "Loop diuretic prescription and 30-day outcomes in older patients with heart failure". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2020;76:669-679.
8. "Angiotensin-neprilysin inhibition in acute decompensated heart failure". N Engl J Med . 2019;380:539-548.
9. "Differential response to low-dose dopamine or low-dose nesiritide in acute heart failure with reduced or preserved ejection fraction". Circ Heart Fail . 2016;9:1-12.
10. "The weight of evidence for diuretics and parachutes". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2020;76:680-683.
11. "2019 ACC expert consensus decision pathway on risk assessment, management, and clinical trajectory of patients hospitalized with heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Solution Set Oversight Committee". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2019;74:1966-2011.
12. "Reasons for guideline nonadherence at heart failure discharge". J Am Heart Assoc . 2018;7: e008789.
13. "Prognostic significance of creatinine increases during an acute heart failure admission in patients with and without residual congestion: a post hoc analysis of the PROTECT Data". Circ Heart Fail . 2018;11: e004644.
14. "Potential effects of aggressive decongestion during the treatment of decompensated heart failure on renal function and survival". Circulation . 2010;122:265-272.
15. "Ultrafiltration versus intravenous diuretics for patients hospitalized for acute decompensated heart failure". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2007;49:675-683.
16. "Aquapheresis versus intravenous diuretics and hospitalizations for heart failure". J Am Coll Cardiol HF . 2016;4:95-105.
9.4a. Parenteral Vasodilation Therapy in Patients Hospitalized With HF
1. "Intravenous nesiritide vs nitroglycerin for treatment of decompensated congestive heart failure: a randomized controlled trial". JAMA . 2002;287:1531-1540.
2. "Hemodynamic response to intensive unloading therapy (furosemide and nitroprusside) in patients >70 years of age with left ventricular systolic dysfunction and decompensated chronic heart failure". Am J Cardiol . 2003;92:1050-1056.
3. "Incidence of early tolerance to hemodynamic effects of continuous infusion of nitroglycerin in patients with coronary artery disease and heart failure". Circulation . 1987;76:577-584.
4. "Mechanisms of nitrate tolerance". Cardiovasc Drugs Ther . 1994;8:489-499.
5. "Nitroprusside in critically ill patients with left ventricular dysfunction and aortic stenosis". N Engl J Med . 2003;348:1756-1763.
6. "Effect of a strategy of comprehensive vasodilation vs usual care on mortality and heart failure rehospitalization among patients with acute heart failure: the GALACTIC randomized clinical trial". JAMA . 2019;322:2292-2302.
7. "Clevidipine in acute heart failure: results of the A Study of Blood Pressure Control in Acute Heart Failure-A Pilot Study (PRONTO)". Am Heart J . 2014;167:529-536.
9.4b. Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) Prophylaxis in Hospitalized Patients
1. "Randomized comparison of enoxaparin with unfractionated heparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in medical patients with heart failure or severe respiratory disease". Am Heart J . 2003;145:614-621.
2. "Rivaroxaban for thromboprophylaxis in acutely ill medical patients". N Engl J Med . 2013;368:513-523.
3. "Predicting the risk of venous thromboembolism in patients hospitalized with heart failure". Circulation . 2014;130:410-418.
4. "Thrombotic biomarkers and left ventricle characteristics as short-term predictors of thrombotic events in patients hospitalized for acute decompensated heart failure". Eur J Intern Med . 2012;23:545-551.
5. "Incident heart failure and long-term risk for venous thromboembolism". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2020;75:148-158.
6. "Risk of venous thromboembolism after new onset heart failure". Sci Rep . 2019;9:17415.
7. "Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in medically ill patients: a mixed treatment comparison meta-analysis". J Thromb Thrombolysis . 2018;45:36-47.
8. "Heart failure and risk of venous thromboembolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Lancet Haematol . 2016;3:e30-e44.
9. "Venous thromboembolism in acutely ill hospitalized medical patients". Thromb Res . 2010;126:276-279.
10. "A randomized, double-blind study of certoparin vs. unfractionated heparin to prevent venous thromboembolic events in acutely ill, non-surgical patients: CERTIFY Study". J Thromb Haemost . 2010;8:1209-1215.
11. "Rivaroxaban for thromboprophylaxis after hospitalization for medical illness". N Engl J Med . 2018;379:1118-1127.
12. "Adjusted value of thromboprophylaxis in hospitalized obese patients: a comparative study of two regimens of enoxaparin: the ITOHENOX study". Thromb Res . 2017;155:1-5.
13. "A comparison of enoxaparin with placebo for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in acutely ill medical patients". N Engl J Med . 1999;341:793-800.
14. "Prevention of deep vein thrombosis in medical patients by low-dose heparin". Scott Med J . 1981;26:115-117.
15. "Certoparin versus unfractionated heparin to prevent venous thromboembolic events in patients hospitalized because of heart failure: a subgroup analysis of the randomized, controlled CERTIFY study". Am Heart J . 2011;161:322-328.
16. "Twice vs three times daily heparin dosing for thromboembolism prophylaxis in the general medical population: a metaanalysis". Chest . 2007;131:507-516.
17. "Dosing frequency of unfractionated heparin thromboprophylaxis: a meta-analysis". Chest . 2011;140:374-381.
9.5. Evaluation and Management of Cardiogenic Shock
1. "Milrinone as compared with dobutamine in the treatment of cardiogenic shock". N Engl J Med . 2021;385:516-525.
2. "Comparison of dopamine and norepinephrine in the treatment of shock". N Engl J Med . 2010;362:779-789.
3. "Comparative effectiveness and safety between milrinone or dobutamine as initial inotrope therapy in cardiogenic shock". J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther . 2019;24:130-138.
4. "Epinephrine versus norepinephrine for cardiogenic shock after acute myocardial infarction". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2018;72:173-182.
5. "Comparison of norepinephrine-dobutamine to epinephrine for hemodynamics, lactate metabolism, and organ function variables in cardiogenic shock. A prospective, randomized pilot study". Crit Care Med . 2011;39:450-455.
6. "The effectiveness of inodilators in reducing short term mortality among patient with severe cardiogenic shock: a propensity-based analysis". PLoS One . 2013;8: e71659.
7. "Cochrane corner: inotropic agents and vasodilator strategies for cardiogenic shock or low cardiac output syndrome". Heart . 2019;105:178-179.
8. "The effect of inotropes and vasopressors on mortality: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials". Br J Anaesth . 2015;115:656-675.
9. "National trends in the utilization of short-term mechanical circulatory support: incidence, outcomes, and cost analysis". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2014;64:1407-1415.
10. "Percutaneous left-ventricular support with the Impella-2.5-assist device in acute cardiogenic shock: results of the Impella-EUROSHOCK-registry". Circ Heart Fail . 2013;6:23-30.
11. "Early initiation of Impella in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock improves survival: a meta-analysis". J Am Coll Cardiol Intv . 2017;10:1805-1806.
12. "Effect of early initiation of mechanical circulatory support on survival in cardiogenic shock". Am J Cardiol . 2017;119:845-851.
13. "Clinical outcome of mechanical circulatory support for refractory cardiogenic shock in the current era". J Heart Lung Transplant . 2013;32:106-111.
14. "Impella support for acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock". Circulation . 2019;139:1249-1258.
15. "Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for cardiogenic shock and cardiac arrest: a meta-analysis". J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth . 2015;29:637-645.
16. "Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for acute decompensated heart failure". Crit Care Med . 2017;45:1359-1366.
17. "Feasibility of early mechanical circulatory support in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock: the Detroit cardiogenic shock initiative". Catheter Cardiovasc Interv . 2018;91:454-461.
18. "Improved outcomes associated with the use of shock protocols: updates from the national cardiogenic shock initiative". Catheter Cardiovasc Interv . 2019;93:1173-1183.
19. "Shock team approach in refractory cardiogenic shock requiring short-term mechanical circulatory support: a proof of concept". Circulation . 2019;140:98-100.
20. "Standardized team-based care for cardiogenic shock". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2019;73:1659-1669.
21. "Multidisciplinary code shock team in cardiogenic shock: a Canadian centre experience". CJC Open . 2020;2:249-257.
22. "Effect of cardiogenic shock hospital volume on mortality in patients with cardiogenic shock". J Am Heart Assoc . 2015;4: e001462.
23. "Complete hemodynamic profiling with pulmonary artery catheters in cardiogenic shock is associated with lower in-hospital mortality". J Am Coll Cardiol HF . 2020;8:903-913.
24. "Pulmonary artery catheter use in acute myocardial infarction-cardiogenic shock". ESC Heart Fail . 2020;7:1234-1245.
25. "Trends in utilization and outcomes of pulmonary artery catheterization in heart failure with and without cardiogenic shock". J Card Fail . 2019;25:364-371.
26. "Temporal trends in utilization of right-sided heart catheterization among percutaneous ventricular assist device recipients in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock". Am J Cardiol . 2018;122:2014-2017.
27. "Impact of pulmonary artery catheter use on short- and long-term mortality in patients with cardiogenic shock". Cardiology . 2017;136:61-69.
28. "Contemporary management of cardiogenic shock: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association". Circulation . 2017;136:e232-e268.
29. "SCAI clinical expert consensus statement on the classification of cardiogenic shock". Catheter Cardiovasc Interv . 2019;94:29-37.
30. "Effect of baseline characteristics on mortality in the SURVIVE trial on the effect of levosimendan vs dobutamine in acute heart failure: sub-analysis of the Finnish patients". Int J Cardiol . 2016;215:26-31.
31. "Analysis of outcomes for 15,259 US patients with acute myocardial infarction cardiogenic shock (AMICS) supported with the Impella device". Am Heart J . 2018;202:33-38.
32. "Predicting survival after ECMO for refractory cardiogenic shock: the survival after veno-arterial-ECMO (SAVE)-score". Eur Heart J . 2015;36:2246-2256.
33. "Percutaneous short-term active mechanical support devices in cardiogenic shock: a systematic review and collaborative meta-analysis of randomized trials". Eur Heart J . 2017;38:3523-3531.
34. "Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation in patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock: the prospective, randomized IABP SHOCK trial for attenuation of multiorgan dysfunction syndrome". Crit Care Med . 2010;38:152-160.
35. "Intraaortic balloon support for myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock". N Engl J Med . 2012;367:1287-1296.
36. "A randomized clinical trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a percutaneous left ventricular assist device versus intra-aortic balloon pumping for treatment of cardiogenic shock caused by myocardial infarction". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2008;52:1584-1588.
37. "Percutaneous mechanical circulatory support versus intra-aortic balloon pump in cardiogenic shock after acute myocardial infarction". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2017;69:278-287.
38. "Randomized comparison of intra-aortic balloon support with a percutaneous left ventricular assist device in patients with revascularized acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock". Eur Heart J . 2005;26:1276-1283.
39. "A randomized multicenter clinical study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the TandemHeart percutaneous ventricular assist device versus conventional therapy with intraaortic balloon pumping for treatment of cardiogenic shock". Am Heart J . 2006;152:469.e1-469.e8.
40. "Invasive hemodynamic assessment and classification of in-hospital mortality risk among patients with cardiogenic shock". Circ Heart Fail . 2020;13: e007099.
41. "Value of hemodynamic monitoring in patients with cardiogenic shock undergoing mechanical circulatory support". Circulation . 2020;141:1184-1197.
42. "Clinical outcomes associated with acute mechanical circulatory support utilization in heart failure related cardiogenic shock". Circ Heart Fail . 2021;14: e007924.
43. "Cardiac shock care centers: JACC review topic of the week". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2018;72:1972-1980.
9.6. Integration of Care: Transitions and Team-Based Approaches
1. "Transitional care interventions to prevent readmissions for persons with heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Ann Intern Med . 2014;160:774-784.
2. "Heart failure disease management: a systematic review of effectiveness in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction". ESC Heart Fail . 2020;7:194-212.
3. "Disease management interventions for heart failure". Cochrane Database Syst Rev . 2019;1:CD002752.
4. "Comparative effectiveness of transitional care services in patients discharged from the hospital with heart failure: a systematic review and network meta-analysis". Eur J Heart Fail . 2017;19:1427-1443.
5. "Discharge education improves clinical outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure". Circulation . 2005;111:179-185.
6. "Heart failure (HF): specifications manual for Joint Commission National Quality core measures (2010A1)". 2010. https://manual.jointcommission.org/releases/archive/TJC2010B/HeartFailure.html. Accessed
September 27, 2020 .7. "What is the impact of systems of care for heart failure on patients diagnosed with heart failure: a systematic review". BMC Cardiovasc Disord . 2016;16:195.
8. "Influence of a performance-improvement initiative on quality of care for patients hospitalized with heart failure: results of the Organized Program to Initiate Lifesaving Treatment in Hospitalized Patients With Heart Failure (OPTIMIZE-HF)". Arch Intern Med . 2007;167:1493-1502.
9. "Improvements in 1-year cardiovascular clinical outcomes associated with a hospital-based discharge medication program". Ann Intern Med . 2004;141:446-453.
10. "Improving heart failure care with a reminder attached to the echocardiography report". Am J Med . 2008;121:853-854.
11. "Relationship between early physician follow-up and 30-day readmission among Medicare beneficiaries hospitalized for heart failure". JAMA . 2010;303:1716-1722.
12. "Post-discharge follow-up characteristics associated with 30-day readmission after heart failure hospitalization". Med Care . 2016;54:365-372.
13. "Diagnoses and timing of 30-day readmissions after hospitalization for heart failure, acute myocardial infarction, or pneumonia". JAMA . 2013;309:355-363.
14. "Transitions of care in heart failure: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association". Circ Heart Fail . 2015;8:384-409.
15. "Persistent use of evidence-based pharmacotherapy in heart failure is associated with improved outcomes". Circulation . 2007;116:737-744.
16. "Transitional care of older adults hospitalized with heart failure: a randomized, controlled trial". J Am Geriatr Soc . 2004;52:675-684.
17. "ACC/AHA special report: clinical practice guideline implementation strategies: a summary of systematic reviews by the NHLBI implementation science work group: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on clinical practice guidelines". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2017;69:1076-1092.
18. "Synthesizing lessons learned from get with the guidelines: the value of disease-based registries in improving quality and outcomes". Circulation . 2013;128:2447-2460.
19. "Effectiveness of electronic point-of-care reminders versus monthly feedback to improve adherence to 10 clinical recommendations in primary care: a cluster randomized clinical trial". BMC Med Inform Decis Mak . 2019;19:245.
20. "Care optimization through patient and hospital engagement clinical trial for heart failure: rationale and design of CONNECT-HF". Am Heart J . 2020;220:41-50.
21. "Interventions to reduce 30-day rehospitalization: a systematic review". Ann Intern Med . 2011;155:520-528.
22. "The heart failure readmission intervention by variable early follow-up (THRIVE) study". Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes . 2020;13: e006553.
23. "Triage after hospitalization with advanced heart failure: the ESCAPE (Evaluation Study of Congestive Heart Failure and Pulmonary Artery Catheterization Effectiveness) risk model and discharge score". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2010;55:872-878.
24. "An administrative claims measure suitable for profiling hospital performance on the basis of 30-day all-cause readmission rates among patients with heart failure". Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes . 2008;1:29-37.
25. "Inpatient mortality risk scores and postdischarge events in hospitalized heart failure patients: a community-based study". Circ Heart Fail . 2017;10: e003926.
10.1. Management of Comorbidities in Patients With HF
1. "Ferric carboxymaltose in patients with heart failure and iron deficiency". N Engl J Med . 2009;361:2436-2448.
2. "Beneficial effects of long-term intravenous iron therapy with ferric carboxymaltose in patients with symptomatic heart failure and iron deficiencydagger". Eur Heart J . 2015;36:657-668.
3. "IRON-HF study: a randomized trial to assess the effects of iron in heart failure patients with anemia". Int J Cardiol . 2013;168:3439-3442.
4. "Ferric carboxymaltose for iron deficiency at discharge after acute heart failure: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, controlled trial". Lancet . 2020;396:1895-1904.
5. "Treatment of anemia with darbepoetin alfa in systolic heart failure". N Engl J Med . 2013;368:1210-1219.
6. "The effects of erythropoiesis stimulating therapy for anemia in chronic heart failure: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials". Int J Cardiol . 2016;218:12-22.
7. "Relation of baseline systolic blood pressure and long-term outcomes in ambulatory patients with chronic mild to moderate heart failure". Am J Cardiol . 2011;107:1208-1214.
8. "The association between blood pressure and mortality in patients with heart failure". Am Heart J . 2006;151:76-83.
9. "Auto-servoventilation in heart failure with sleep apnoea: a randomised controlled trial". Eur Respir J . 2013;42:1244-1254.
10. "Suppression of central sleep apnea by continuous positive airway pressure and transplant-free survival in heart failure: a post hoc analysis of the Canadian Continuous Positive Airway Pressure for Patients with Central Sleep Apnea and Heart Failure Trial (CANPAP)". Circulation . 2007;115:3173-3180.
11. "Cardiovascular outcomes with minute ventilation-targeted adaptive servo-ventilation therapy in heart failure: the CAT-HF trial". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2017;69:1577-1587.
12. "Adaptive servo-ventilation for central sleep apnea in systolic heart failure". N Engl J Med . 2015;373:1095-1105.
13. "Positive airway pressure therapy for the treatment of central sleep apnoea associated with heart failure". Cochrane Database Syst Rev . 2019;12:CD012803.
14. "SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: a meta-analysis of the EMPEROR-Reduced and DAPA-HF trials". Lancet . 2020;396:819-829.
15. "Effect of dapagliflozin on heart failure and mortality in type 2 diabetes mellitus". Circulation . 2019;139:2528-2536.
16. "Dapagliflozin in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction". N Engl J Med . 2019;381:1995-2008.
17. "Cardiovascular and renal outcomes with empagliflozin in heart failure". N Engl J Med . 2020;383:1413-1424.
18. "Multimorbidity in heart failure: a community perspective". Am J Med . 2015;128:38-45.
19. "Trends in comorbidity, disability, and polypharmacy in heart failure". Am J Med . 2011;124:136-143.
20. "Effect of escitalopram on all-cause mortality and hospitalization in patients with heart failure and depression: the MOOD-HF randomized clinical trial". JAMA . 2016;315:2683-2693.
21. "Depression in heart failure a meta-analytic review of prevalence, intervention effects, and associations with clinical outcomes". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2006;48:1527-1537.
22. "Sertraline treatment of major depression in patients with acute MI or unstable angina". JAMA . 2002;288:701-709.
23. "Heart failure in patients with kidney disease". Heart . 2017;103:1848-1853.
24. "Pharmacological interventions for heart failure in people with chronic kidney disease". Cochrane Database Syst Rev . 2020;2:CD012466.
25. "Anemia and mortality in heart failure patients a systematic review and meta-analysis". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2008;52:818-827.
26. "The impact of iron deficiency and anaemia on exercise capacity and outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure. results from the studies investigating co-morbidities aggravating heart failure". Int J Cardiol . 2016;205:6-12.
27. "Effects of ferric carboxymaltose on hospitalisations and mortality rates in iron-deficient heart failure patients: an individual patient data meta-analysis". Eur J Heart Fail . 2018;20:125-133.
28. "Effect of oral iron repletion on exercise capacity in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and iron deficiency: the IRONOUT HF randomized clinical trial". JAMA . 2017;317:1958-1966.
29. "Outcomes of patients with chronic heart failure and iron deficiency treated with intravenous iron: a meta-analysis". Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets . 2013;13:35-44.
30. "Erythropoietin response to anaemia in heart failure". Eur J Prev Cardiol . 2019;26:7-17.
31. "Prognostic significance of endogenous erythropoietin in long-term outcome of patients with acute decompensated heart failure". Eur J Heart Fail . 2016;18:803-813.
32. "Increased risk of stroke with darbepoetin alfa in anaemic heart failure patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease". Eur J Heart Fail . 2015;17:1201-1207.
33. "Effect of intensive lowering of systolic blood pressure treatment on heart failure events: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies". J Hum Hypertens . 2019;33:648-657.
34. "A randomized trial of intensive versus standard blood-pressure control". N Engl J Med . 2017;377:2506.
35. "Effect of intensive blood pressure treatment on heart failure events in the Systolic Blood Pressure Reduction Intervention Trial". Circ Heart Fail . 2017;10: e003613.
36. "2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2018;71:e127-e248.
37. "Dissociation of objective and subjective daytime sleepiness and biomarkers of systemic inflammation in sleep-disordered breathing and systolic heart failure". J Clin Sleep Med . 2017;13:1411-1422.
38. "Continuous positive airway pressure for central sleep apnea and heart failure". N Engl J Med . 2005;353:2025-2033.
39. "Efficacy of positive airway pressure on brain natriuretic peptide in patients with heart failure and sleep-disorder breathing: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Lung . 2015;193:255-260.
40. "The effects of continuous positive airways pressure therapy on cardiovascular end points in patients with sleep-disordered breathing and heart failure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Clin Cardiol . 2014;37:57-65.
41. "Meta-analysis comparing outcomes of therapies for patients with central sleep apnea and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction". Am J Cardiol . 2020;127:73-83.
42. "Positive airway pressure therapy for the treatment of central sleep apnoea associated with heart failure". Cochrane Database Syst Rev . 2019;12:CD012803.
43. "Addendum. 9. Pharmacologic approaches to glycemic treatment: standards of medical care in diabetes-2020". Diabetes Care . 2020;43:suppl 1: S98-S110.
44. "Association of SGLT2 inhibitors with cardiovascular and kidney outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis". JAMA Cardiol . 2021;6:148-158.
45. "Mediators of the effects of canagliflozin on heart failure in patients with type 2 diabetes". J Am Coll Cardiol HF . 2020;8:57-66.
46. "Clinical Trials.gov. Dapagliflozin Evaluation to Improve the LIVEs of Patients With PReserved Ejection Fraction Heart Failure. (DELIVER)". 2018. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03619213. Accessed
June 28, 2021 .47. "Evaluation of the effects of sodium–glucose co-transporter 2 inhibition with empagliflozin on morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure and a preserved ejection fraction: rationale for and design of the EMPEROR-Preserved Trial". Eur J Heart Fail . 2019;21:1279-1287.
48. "Sotagliflozin in patients with diabetes and recent worsening heart failure". N Engl J Med . 2021;384:117-128.
49. "Adverse drug events observed with the novel sodium/glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor ipragliflozin for the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized studies". Adv Ther . 2020;37:4356-4369.
50. "2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2013;62:e147-e239.
10.2. Management of Atrial Fibrillation (AF) in HF
1. "Impact of the CHA2DS2-VASc score on anticoagulation recommendations for atrial fibrillation". Am J Med . 2012;125:603e1-603e6.
2. "Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation". N Engl J Med . 2009;361:1139-1151.
3. "Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation". N Engl J Med . 2011;365:883-891.
4. "Apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation". N Engl J Med . 2011;365:981-982.
5. "Edoxaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation". N Engl J Med . 2013;369:2093-2104.
6. "Dabigatran compared with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation and symptomatic heart failure: a subgroup analysis of the RE-LY trial". Eur J Heart Fail . 2013;15:1053-1061.
7. "Left ventricular systolic dysfunction, heart failure, and the risk of stroke and systemic embolism in patients with atrial fibrillation: insights from the ARISTOTLE trial". Circ Heart Fail . 2013;6:451-460.
8. "Heart failure subtypes and thromboembolic risk in patients with atrial fibrillation: the PREFER in AF - HF substudy". Int J Cardiol . 2018;265:141-147.
9. "Efficacy and safety of edoxaban compared with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation and heart failure: insights from ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48". Eur J Heart Fail . 2016;18:1153-1161.
10. "Efficacy and safety of novel oral anticoagulants in patients with atrial fibrillation and heart failure: a meta-analysis". J Am Coll Cardiol HF . 2016;4:870-880.
11. "Ablation versus amiodarone for treatment of persistent atrial fibrillation in patients with congestive heart failure and an implanted device: results from the AATAC multicenter randomized trial". Circulation . 2016;133:1637-1644.
12. "Catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation with heart failure". N Engl J Med . 2018;378:417-427.
13. "Rhythm control for patients with atrial fibrillation complicated with heart failure in the contemporary era of catheter ablation: a stratified pooled analysis of randomized data". Eur Heart J . 2020;41:2863-2873.
14. "Ablation versus drug therapy for atrial fibrillation in heart failure: results from the CABANA trial". Circulation . 2021;143:1377-1390.
15. "Clinical outcomes after ablation and pacing therapy for atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis". Circulation . 2000;101:1138-1144.
16. "Assessment of atrioventricular junction ablation and VVIR pacemaker versus pharmacological treatment in patients with heart failure and chronic atrial fibrillation: a randomized, controlled study". Circulation . 1998;98:953-960.
17. "Left ventricular-based cardiac stimulation Post AV nodal ablation Evaluation (the PAVE study)". J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol . 2005;16:1160-1165.
18. "Comparative assessment of right, left, and biventricular pacing in patients with permanent atrial fibrillation". Eur Heart J . 2005;26:712-722.
19. "Cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients undergoing atrioventricular junction ablation for permanent atrial fibrillation: a randomized trial". Eur Heart J . 2011;32:2420-2429.
20. "A randomized controlled trial of atrioventricular junction ablation and cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with permanent atrial fibrillation and narrow QRS". Eur Heart J . 2018;39:3999-4008.
21. "Atrioventricular nodal ablation in atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis of biventricular vs. right ventricular pacing mode". Eur J Heart Fail . 2012;14:661-667.
22. "Catheter ablation versus medical rate control in atrial fibrillation and systolic dysfunction: the CAMERA-MRI study". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2017;70:1949-1961.
23. "Risk of thromboembolism in heart failure: an analysis from the Sudden Cardiac Death in Heart Failure Trial (SCD-HEFT)". Circulation . 2007;115:2637-2641.
24. "Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation: the Task Force for the Management of Atrial Fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)". Eur Heart J . 2010;31:2369-2429.
25. "Assessment of the CHA2DS2-VASc score in predicting ischemic stroke, thromboembolism, and death in patients with heart failure with and without atrial fibrillation". JAMA . 2015;314:1030-1038.
26. "Type of atrial fibrillation and outcomes in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2017;70:2490-2500.
27. "2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2014;64:e1-e76.
28. "2019 AHA/ACC/HRS focused update of the 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2019;74:104-132.
29. "Ischemic stroke after heart failure: a community-based study". Am Heart J . 2006;152:102-109.
11.1. Disparities and Vulnerable Populations
1. "Heart failure in non-Caucasians, women, and older adults: a white paper on special populations from the Heart Failure Society of America Guideline Committee". J Card Fail . 2015;21:674-693.
2. "Heart disease and stroke statistics—2020 update: a report From the American Heart Association". Circulation . 2020;141:e139-e596.
3. "National differences in trends for heart failure hospitalizations by sex and race/ethnicity". Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes . 2017;10: e003552.
4. "Understanding the complexity of heart failure risk and treatment in black patients". Circ Heart Fail . 2020. CIRCHEARTFAILURE120007264.
5. "Socioeconomic status and cardiovascular outcomes: challenges and interventions". Circulation . 2018;137:2166-2178.
6. "Socioeconomic deprivation and heart failure mortality in the United States". J Card Fail . 2020;26:1106-1167.
7. "Status of cardiovascular disease and stroke in Hispanics/Latinos in the United States: a science advisory from the American Heart Association". Circulation . 2014;130:593-625.
8. "Cardiovascular health in African Americans: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association". Circulation . 2017;136:e393-e423.
9. "Social determinants of health and 90-day mortality after hospitalization for heart failure in the REGARDS study". J Am Heart Assoc . 2020;9: e014836.
10. "Health status disparities by sex, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status in outpatients with heart failure". J Am Coll Cardiol HF . 2018;6:465-473.
11. "Cardiovascular health in American Indians and Alaska Natives: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association". Circulation . 2020;141:e948-e959.
12. "Identification of racial inequities in access to specialized inpatient heart failure care at an academic medical center". Circ Heart Fail . 2019;12: e006214.
13. "Potentially preventable hospitalizations for congestive heart failure among Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders in Hawai'i". J Immigr Minor Health . 2015;17:1289-1297.
14. "Trends in racial/ethnic and nativity disparities in cardiovascular health among adults without prevalent cardiovascular disease in the United States, 1988 to 2014". Ann Intern Med . 2018;168:541-549.
15. "Risk factors for heart failure: 20-year population-based trends by sex, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity". Circ Heart Fail . 2020;13: e006472.
16. "Race, discrimination, and cardiovascular disease". Virtual Mentor . 2014;16:455-460.
17. "Heart failure in the era of precision medicine: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association". Circ Genom Precis Med . 2019;12:458-485.
18. "Addressing social determinants of health in the care of patients with heart failure: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association". Circulation . 2020;141:e841-e863.
19. "Sex differences in heart failure". Eur Heart J . 2019;40:3859-3868c.
20. "Trends in heart failure incidence and survival in a community-based population". JAMA . 2004;292:344-350.
21. "Consultation with cardiologists for persons with new-onset chronic heart failure: a population-based study". Can J Cardiol . 2009;25:690-694.
22. "Gender and other disparities in referral to specialized heart failure clinics following emergency department visits". J Womens Health (Larchmt) . 2013;22:526-531.
23. "Trends in use of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy among patients hospitalized for heart failure: have the previously observed sex and racial disparities changed over time?"Circulation . 2012;125:1094-1101.
24. "Sex differences in advanced heart failure therapies". Circulation . 2019;139:1080-1093.
25. "Trends in the prevalence of self-reported heart failure by race/ethnicity and age from 2001 to 2016". JAMA Cardiol . 2020;5:1-5.
26. "Differences in the incidence of congestive heart failure by ethnicity: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis". Arch Intern Med . 2008;168:2138-2145.
27. "Disparities in cardiovascular mortality related to heart failure in the United States". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2019;73:2354-2355.
28. "Call to action: structural racism as a fundamental driver of health disparities: a presidential advisory from the American Heart Association". Circulation . 2020;142:e454-e468.
29. "Heart failure in older adults". Can J Cardiol . 2016;32:1140-1147.
30. "Discharge to a skilled nursing facility and subsequent clinical outcomes among older patients hospitalized for heart failure". Circ Heart Fail . 2011;4:293-300.
31. "Physician workforce disparities and patient care: a narrative review". Health Equity . 2019;3:360-377.
32. "Current demographic status of cardiologists in the United States". JAMA Cardiol . 2019;4:1029-1033.
33. "Implicit racial/ethnic bias among health care professionals and its influence on health care outcomes: a systematic review". Am J Public Health . 2015;105:e60-e76.
34. "Achieving equity in an evolving healthcare system: opportunities and challenges". Am J Med Sci . 2016;351:33-43.
35. "Racism and health in the United States: a policy statement from the American College of Physicians". Ann Intern Med . 2020;173:556-557.
36. "Epidemiology of incident heart failure in a contemporary elderly cohort: the health, aging, and body composition study". Arch Intern Med . 2009;169:708-715.
37. "2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2018;71:e127-e248.
38. "Evidence of Trypanosoma cruzi infection (Chagas’ disease) among patients undergoing cardiac surgery". Circulation . 2000;102:2978-2982.
39. "Prevalence and clinical significance of diabetes in Asian versus white patients with heart failure". J Am Coll Cardiol HF . 2017;5:14-24.
40. "Health risks, chronic diseases, and access to care among US Pacific Islanders". J Gen Intern Med . 2010;25:435-440.
41. "Trends in noncardiovascular comorbidities among patients hospitalized for heart failure: insights from the Get With The Guidelines-Heart Failure Registry". Circ Heart Fail . 2018;11: e004646.
42. "Perceived social isolation and outcomes in patients with heart failure". J Am Heart Assoc . 2018;7: e008069.
43. "Skilled nursing facility care for patients with heart failure: can we make it “heart failure ready?"J Card Fail . 2016;22:1004-1014.
44. "Domain management approach to heart failure in the geriatric patient: present and future". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2018;71:1921-1936.
45. "Heart failure management in skilled nursing facilities: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association and the Heart Failure Society of America". Circ Heart Fail . 2015;8:655-687.
46. "Neighborhood deprivation predicts heart failure risk in a low-income population of blacks and whites in the Southeastern United States". Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes . 2018;11: e004052.
47. "Neighborhood socioeconomic status and adverse outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease". Am J Cardiol . 2019;123:284-290.
48. "Cardiovascular disease and homelessness". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2018;71:2585-2597.
49. "A multidisciplinary intervention to prevent the readmission of elderly patients with congestive heart failure". N Engl J Med . 1995;333:1190-1195.
50. "Age- and gender-related differences in quality of care and outcomes of patients hospitalized with heart failure (from OPTIMIZE-HF)". Am J Cardiol . 2009;104:107-115.
51. "Sex differences in eligibility for advanced heart failure therapies". Clin Transplant . 2020;34: e13839.
52. "Sex-related differences in use and outcomes of left ventricular assist devices as bridge to transplantation". J Am Coll Cardiol HF . 2019;7:250-257.
53. "Does race influence decision making for advanced heart failure therapies?"J Am Heart Assoc . 2019;8: e013592.
54. "Association of gender and race with allocation of advanced heart failure therapies". JAMA Netw Open . 2020;3: e2011044.
55. "African Americans are less likely to receive care by a cardiologist during an intensive care unit admission for heart failure". J Am Coll Cardiol HF . 2018;6:413-420.
56. "Personalized medicine and Hispanic health: improving health outcomes and reducing health disparities - a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute workshop report". BMC Proc . 2017;11:11.
57. "Heart failure in Hispanics". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2009;53:1167-1175.
58. "A cluster-randomized trial of blood-pressure reduction in black barbershops". N Engl J Med . 2018;378:1291-1301.
59. "Barbershop management of hypertension in the African American population: pitfalls and opportunities for extension to other underserved communities". Curr Cardiol Rep . 2020;22:64.
60. "Health Literacy: A Manual for Clinicians". American Medical Association Foundation, 2003.
61. "Women’s participation in cardiovascular clinical trials from 2010 to 2017". Circulation . 2020;141:540-548.
62. "Ten-year trends in enrollment of women and minorities in pivotal trials supporting recent US Food and Drug Administration approval of novel cardiometabolic drugs". J Am Heart Assoc . 2020;9: e015594.
63. "Enrollment of older patients, women, and racial and ethnic minorities in contemporary heart failure clinical trials: a systematic review". JAMA Cardiol . 2018;3:1011-1019.
64. "Representation of black patients in randomized clinical trials of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction". Am Heart J . 2018;197:43-52.
65. "Overcoming lack of diversity in cardiovascular clinical trials: a new challenge and strategies for success". Circulation . 2019;140:1690-1692.
66. "Discriminating clinical features of heart failure with preserved vs. reduced ejection fraction in the community". Eur Heart J . 2012;33:1734-1741.
67. "Sex-specific associations of cardiovascular risk factors and biomarkers with incident heart failure". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2020;76:1455-1465.
68. "Role of stress and psychosocial determinants on women's cardiovascular risk and disease development". J Womens Health (Larchmt) . 2019;28:483-489.
69. "Heart disease and stroke statistics—2020 update: a report from the American Heart Association". Circulation . 2020;141:e139-e596.
70. "The association of long-term outcome and biological sex in patients with acute heart failure from different geographic regions". Eur Heart J . 2020;41:1357-1364.
71. "Differential impact of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction on men and women". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2019;73:29-40.
72. "Lifetime risk for developing congestive heart failure: the Framingham Heart Study". Circulation . 2002;106:3068-3072.
73. "Heart failure stages among older adults in the community: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study". Circulation . 2017;135:224-240.
74. "Clinical characteristics and outcomes in the very elderly patients hospitalized for acute heart failure: importance of pharmacologic guideline adherence". Sci Rep . 2018;8:14270.
75. "Disparities in cardiovascular disease risk in the United States". Curr Cardiol Rev . 2015;11:238-245.
76. "Racial differences in characteristics and outcomes of patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction in the treatment of preserved cardiac function heart failure trial". Circ Heart Fail . 2018;11: e004457.
77. "Racial disparities in patients bridged to heart transplantation with left ventricular assist devices". Ann Thorac Surg . 2019;108:1122-1126.
78. "Racial and ethnic disparities in outcomes after heart transplantation: a systematic review of contributing factors and future directions to close the outcomes gap". J Heart Lung Transplant . 2016;35:953-961.
79. "Socioeconomic disparities in adherence and outcomes after heart transplant: a UNOS (United Network for Organ Sharing) registry analysis". Circ Heart Fail . 2018;11: e004173.
80. "Cardiovascular disease in Hispanics/Latinos in the United States". J Lat Psychol . 2016;4:98-113.
81. "Congestive heart failure hospitalizations and survival in California: patterns according to race/ethnicity". Am Heart J . 1999;137:919-927.
82. "Care and outcomes of Hispanic patients admitted with heart failure with preserved or reduced ejection fraction: findings from Get With The Guidelines-Heart Failure". Circ Heart Fail . 2012;5:167-175.
83. "Heart failure and the development of atrial fibrillation in Hispanics, African Americans and non-Hispanic Whites". Int J Cardiol . 2018;271:186-191.
84. "Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in South Asians in the United States: epidemiology, risk factors, and treatments: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association". Circulation . 2018;138:e1-e34.
85. "Call to action: cardiovascular disease in Asian Americans: a science advisory from the American Heart Association". Circulation . 2010;122:1242-1252.
86. "Cardiovascular disease mortality in Asian Americans". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2014;64:2486-2494.
87. "Trends in cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality in American Indians over 25 years: the Strong Heart study". J Am Heart Assoc . 2019;8: e012289.
88. "Heart disease and stroke statistics—2019 update: a report from the American Heart Association". Circulation . 2019;139:e56-e528.
11.2. Cardio-Oncology
1. "Cardiovascular events, early discontinuation of trastuzumab, and their impact on survival". Breast Cancer Res Treat . 2014;146:411-419.
2. "Long-term cardiac tolerability of trastuzumab in metastatic breast cancer: the M.D. Anderson Cancer Center experience". J Clin Oncol . 2006;24:4107-4115.
3. "Anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy: clinical relevance and response to pharmacologic therapy". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2010;55:213-220.
4. "Early detection of anthracycline cardiotoxicity and improvement with heart failure therapy". Circulation . 2015;131:1981-1988.
5. "Trastuzumab-related cardiotoxicity among older patients with breast cancer". J Clin Oncol . 2013;31:4222-4228.
6. "The temporal risk of heart failure associated with adjuvant trastuzumab in breast cancer patients: a population study". J Natl Cancer Inst . 2016;108:djv301.
7. "Incidence and predictors of congestive heart failure after autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation". Blood . 2011;118:6023-6029.
8. "Cardiotoxicity and cardiac monitoring among chemotherapy-treated breast cancer patients". J Am Coll Cardiol Img . 2018;11:1084-1093.
9. "Major cardiac events and the value of echocardiographic evaluation in patients receiving anthracycline-based chemotherapy". Am J Cardiol . 2015;116:442-446.
10. "Cardiotoxicity and cardiac monitoring during adjuvant trastuzumab in daily Dutch practice: a study of the Southeast Netherlands Breast Cancer Consortium". Oncologist . 2016;21:555-562.
11. "Examining the cost-effectiveness of baseline left ventricular function assessment among breast cancer patients undergoing anthracycline-based therapy". Breast Cancer Res Treat . 2019;176:261-270.
12. "Evaluating the utility of baseline cardiac function screening in early-stage breast cancer treatment". Oncologist . 2016;21:666-670.
13. "Routine cardiac evaluation in patients with early-stage breast cancer before adjuvant chemotherapy". Clin Breast Cancer . 2012;12:4-9.
14. "Utility of prechemotherapy evaluation of left ventricular function for patients with lymphoma". Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk . 2015;15:29-34.
15. "Utility of routine left ventricular ejection fraction measurement before anthracycline-based chemotherapy in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma". J Oncol Pract . 2012;8:336-340.
16. "The clinical utility of baseline cardiac assessments prior to adjuvant anthracycline chemotherapy in breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Breast Cancer Res Treat . 2019;174:357-363.
17. "Protective effects of spironolactone against anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy". Eur J Heart Fail . 2015;17:81-89.
18. "Carvedilol for prevention of chemotherapy-related cardiotoxicity: the CECCY trial". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2018;71:2281-2290.
19. "Enalapril and carvedilol for preventing chemotherapy-induced left ventricular systolic dysfunction in patients with malignant hemopathies: the OVERCOME trial (preventiOn of left Ventricular dysfunction with Enalapril and caRvedilol in patients submitted to intensive ChemOtherapy for the treatment of Malignant hEmopathies)". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2013;61:2355-2362.
20. "Prevention of high-dose chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity in high-risk patients by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition". Circulation . 2006;114:2474-2481.
21. "Randomized trial of lisinopril versus carvedilol to prevent trastuzumab cardiotoxicity in patients with breast cancer". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2019;73:2859-2868.
22. "Prevention of cardiac dysfunction during adjuvant breast cancer therapy (PRADA): a 2 x 2 factorial, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial of candesartan and metoprolol". Eur Heart J . 2016;37:1671-1680.
23. "Protective effects of carvedilol against anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2006;48:2258-2262.
24. "Multidisciplinary approach to novel therapies in cardio-oncology research (MANTICORE 101-Breast): a randomized trial for the prevention of trastuzumab-associated cardiotoxicity". J Clin Oncol . 2017;35:870-877.
25. "Meta-analysis comparing usefulness of beta blockers to preserve left ventricular function during anthracycline therapy". Am J Cardiol . 2019;124:789-794.
26. "Anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity: a multicenter randomised trial comparing two strategies for guiding prevention with enalapril: the International CardioOncology Society-one trial". Eur J Cancer . 2018;94:126-137.
27. "Efficacy of neurohormonal therapies in preventing cardiotoxicity in patients with cancer undergoing chemotherapy". J Am Coll Cardiol CardioOnc . 2019;1:54-65.
28. "Prevention of trastuzumab and anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity using angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or beta-blockers in older adults with breast cancer". Am J Clin Oncol . 2018;41:909-918.
29. "Prognostic value of troponin I in cardiac risk stratification of cancer patients undergoing high-dose chemotherapy". Circulation . 2004;109:2749-2754.
30. "Trastuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity: clinical and prognostic implications of troponin I evaluation". J Clin Oncol . 2010;28:3910-3916.
31. "Left ventricular dysfunction predicted by early troponin I release after high-dose chemotherapy". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2000;36:517-522.
32. "Role of troponins I and T and N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide in monitoring cardiac safety of patients with early-stage human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer receiving trastuzumab: a herceptin adjuvant study cardiac marker substudy". J Clin Oncol . 2017;35:878-884.
33. "SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975–2014, based on November 2016 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER website, April 2017". Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute, 2014.
34. "Cancer statistics, 2018". CA Cancer J Clin . 2018;68:7-30.
35. "Anticipating the “silver tsunami”: prevalence trajectories and comorbidity burden among older cancer survivors in the United States". Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev . 2016;25:1029-1036.
36. "Cardiovascular health of patients with cancer and cancer survivors: a roadmap to the next level". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2015;65:2739-2746.
37. "Cardiotoxicity of anticancer drugs: the need for cardio-oncology and cardio-oncological prevention". J Natl Cancer Inst . 2010;102:14-25.
38. "Underlying causes and long-term survival in patients with initially unexplained cardiomyopathy". N Engl J Med . 2000;342:1077-1084.
39. "Fulminant myocarditis with combination immune checkpoint blockade". N Engl J Med . 2016;375:1749-1755.
40. "Myocarditis in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors". J Am College Cardiol . 2018;71:1755-1764.
41. "Adjuvant trastuzumab cardiotoxicity in patients over 60 years of age with early breast cancer: a multicenter cohort analysis". Ann Oncol . 2012;23:3058-3063.
42. "Cardiac dysfunction in the trastuzumab clinical trials experience". J Clin Oncol . 2002;20:1215-1221.
43. "Doxorubicin, cardiac risk factors, and cardiac toxicity in elderly patients with diffuse B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma". J Clin Oncol . 2008;26:3159-3165.
44. "Cardiovascular hospitalizations and mortality among recipients of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation". Ann Intern Med . 2011;155:21-32.
45. "Subclinical late cardiomyopathy after doxorubicin therapy for lymphoma in adults". J Clin Oncol . 2004;22:1864-1871.
46. "Chemotherapy and cardiotoxicity in older breast cancer patients: a population-based study". J Clin Oncol . 2005;23:8597-8605.
47. "Congestive heart failure in older women treated with adjuvant anthracycline chemotherapy for breast cancer". J Clin Oncol . 2007;25:3808-3815.
48. "Serial assessment of doxorubicin cardiotoxicity with quantitative radionuclide angiocardiography". N Engl J Med . 1979;300:278-283.
49. "Early increases in multiple biomarkers predict subsequent cardiotoxicity in patients with breast cancer treated with doxorubicin, taxanes, and trastuzumab". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2014;63:809-816.
50. "New biomarkers for early detection of cardiotoxicity after treatment with docetaxel, doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide". Biomarkers . 2015;20:143-148.
51. "Usefulness of myocardial performance index and biochemical markers for early detection of anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity in adults". Clin Res Cardiol . 2008;97:318-326.
52. "Myocardial performance index and biochemical markers for early detection of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia". Int J Clin Oncol . 2013;18:927-933.
53. "Screening for cardiac dysfunction in anthracycline-exposed childhood cancer survivors". Clin Cancer Res . 2014;20:6314-6323.
54. "Role of Cardiovascular biomarkers in the risk stratification, monitoring, and management of patients with cancer". Cardiol Clin . 2019;37:505-523.
55. "Doxorubicin hydrochloride for injection, USP [package insert]". New York, NY: Pharmacia & Upjohn Company, 2010.
56. "Valvular dysfunction in lymphoma survivors treated with autologous stem cell transplantation: a national cross-sectional study". J Am Coll Cardiol Img . 2016;9:230-239.
57. "Epirubicin hydrochloride for injection [package insert]". VIC, Australia: Mayne Pharma Limited Mulgrave, 2006.
58. "Cyclophosphamide [package insert]". Deerfield, IL: Baxter Healthcare Corporation Deerfield, 2013.
59. "High-dose ifosfamide is associated with severe, reversible cardiac dysfunction". Ann Intern Med . 1993;118:31-36.
60. "Cardiotoxicity of chemotherapeutic agents: incidence, treatment and prevention". Drug Saf . 2000;22:263-302.
61. "Adjuvant docetaxel for node-positive breast cancer". N Engl J Med . 2005;352:2302-2313.
62. "Docetaxel [package insert]". Princeton, NJ: Sandoz, 2012.
63. "Fluorouracil [package insert]". Irvine, CA: Spectrum Pharmaceuticals, Inc, 2016.
64. "Symptomatic cardiotoxicity associated with 5-fluorouracil". Pharmacotherapy . 1997;17:729-736.
65. "Cardiovascular complications of cancer therapy: incidence, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2009;53:2231-2247.
66. "5-Fluorouracil related toxic myocarditis: case reports and pathological confirmation". Can J Cardiol . 1994;10:861-864.
67. "5-fluorouracil induced pericarditis". BMJ Case Rep . 2011;2011: bcr0220113883.
68. "Incidence of cardiotoxicity with the oral fluoropyrimidine capecitabine is typical of that reported with 5-fluorouracil". Ann Oncol . 2002;13:484-485.
69. "Capecitabine (Xeloda) [package insert]". South San Francisco, CA: Genentech USA, Inc, 2015.
70. "Fludarabine (Fludara) [package insert]". Montville, NJ: Berlex, 2003.
71. "Cyclophosphamide followed by fludarabine for untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a phase II SWOG TRIAL 9706". Leukemia . 2005;19:1880-1886.
72. "Decitabine (Dacogen) [package insert]". Bloomington, MN: MGI Pharma, Inc, 2006.
73. "Pertuzumab (Perjeta) [package insert]". South San Francisco, CA: Genentech, Inc, 2012.
74. "Trastuzuman (Herceptin) [package insert]". South San Francisco, CA: Genentech, Inc, 2010.
75. "Use of chemotherapy plus a monoclonal antibody against HER2 for metastatic breast cancer that overexpresses HER2". N Engl J Med . 2001;344:783-792.
76. "Trastuzumab-associated cardiac adverse effects in the herceptin adjuvant trial". J Clin Oncol . 2007;25:3859-3865.
77. "Rituximab [package insert]". South San Francisco, CA: Genentech, Inc, 2010.
78. "Dabrafenib (Tafinlar) [package insert]". Research Triangle Park, NC: GlaxoSmithKline, 2014.
79. "Combined BRAF and MEK inhibition in melanoma with BRAF V600 mutations". N Engl J Med . 2012;367:1694-1703.
80. "What links BRAF to the heart function? New insights from the cardiotoxicity of BRAF inhibitors in cancer treatment". Oncotarget . 2015;6:35589-35601.
81. "Tyrosine kinase inhibitor-associated cardiovascular toxicity in chronic myeloid leukemia". J Clin Oncol . 2015;33:4210-4218.
82. "Dasatinib (Sprycel) [package insert]". Princeton, NJ: Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 2010.
83. "Cardiac safety of lapatinib: pooled analysis of 3689 patients enrolled in clinical trials". Mayo Clin Proc . 2008;83:679-686.
84. "Long-term outcome with targeted therapy in advanced/metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer: the Royal Marsden experience". Breast Cancer Res Treat . 2019;178:401-408.
85. "Lapatinib (Tykerb) [package insert]". Research Triangle Park, NC: GlaxoSmithKline, 2007.
86. "Pazopanib (Votrient) [package insert]". Research Triangle Park, NC: GlaxoSmithKline, 2009.
87. "Pazopanib versus sunitinib in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma". N Engl J Med . 2013;369:722-731.
88. "Ponatinib (Iclusig) [package insert]". Cambridge, MA: ARIAD Pharmaceuticals, Inc, 2012.
89. "A phase 2 trial of ponatinib in Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemias". N Engl J Med . 2013;369:1783-1796.
90. "Fulminant vascular and cardiac toxicity associated with tyrosine kinase inhibitor sorafenib". Cardiovasc Toxicol . 2019;19:382-387.
91. "Risk of cardiovascular toxicities in patients with solid tumors treated with sorafenib: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis". Future Oncol . 2014;10:1981-1992.
92. "Development of coronary artery stenosis in a patient with metastatic renal cell carcinoma treated with sorafenib". BMC Cancer . 2012;12:231.
93. "Sorafenib (Nexavar) [package insert]". Wayne, NJ: Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals Inc, 2010.
94. "Trametinib (Mekinist) [package insert]". Research Triangle Park, NC: GlaxoSmithKline, 2014.
95. "Improved survival with MEK inhibition in BRAF-mutated melanoma". N Engl J Med . 2012;367:107-114.
96. "Sunitinib (Sutent) [package insert]". New York, NY: Pfizer Labs, 2011.
97. "Vascular and metabolic implications of novel targeted cancer therapies: focus on kinase inhibitors". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2015;66:1160-1178.
98. "Imatinib [package insert]". East Hanover, NJ: Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, 2001.
99. "Vandetanib (Caprelsa) [package insert]". Wilmington, DE: AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP, 2014.
100. "Incidence and risk of cardiotoxicity in cancer patients treated with targeted therapies". Cancer Treat Rev . 2017;59:123-131.
101. "Immune checkpoint inhibitor associated myocarditis". Oncologist . 2018;23:879-886.
102. "Bortezomib [package insert]". Cambridge, MA: Millennium Pharmaceuticals Inc, 2014.
103. "Low venous thromboembolic risk with bortezomib in multiple myeloma and potential protective effect with thalidomide/lenalidomide-based therapy: review of data from phase 3 trials and studies of novel combination regimens". Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk . 2011;11:228-236.
104. "Carfilzomib [package insert]". Thousand Oaks, CA: Onyx Pharmaceuticals, Inc, 2016.
105. "Integrated safety profile of single-agent carfilzomib: experience from 526 patients enrolled in 4 phase II clinical studies". Haematologica . 2013;98:1753-1761.
106. "Carfilzomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone for relapsed multiple myeloma". N Engl J Med . 2015;372:142-152.
107. "Goserelin (Zoladex) [package insert]". Wilmington, DE: AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP, 2015.
108. "Leuprolide (Lupron) [package insert]". North Chicago, IL: AbbVie Inc, 2014.
109. "Flutamide [package insert]". Kenilworth, NJ: Schering Corp, 2001.
110. "Bicalutamide [package insert]". Wilmington, DE: AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP, 2015.
111. "Nilutamide [package insert]". Baudette, MN: ANI Pharmaceuticals, Inc, 2015.
112. "Tisagenlecleucel (Kymriah) [package insert]". East Hanover, NJ: Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, 2017.
113. "Axicabtagene ciloleucel (Yescarta) [package insert]". Santa Monica, CA: Kite Pharma, Inc, 2017.
114. "Clinical prevalence and outcome of cardiovascular events in the first 100 days post allogeneic HSCT". Eur J Haematol . 2021;106:32-39.
115. "Short-term cardiac toxicity of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant for multiple myeloma". Leuk Lymphoma . 2015;56:533-535.
116. "Heart failure after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation". Int J Cardiol . 2013;167:2502-2506.
117. "Serious cardiac complications during bone marrow transplantation at the University of Minnesota, 1977-1997". Bone Marrow Transplant . 2001;28:283-287.
118. "Risk of heart failure in survivors of Hodgkin lymphoma: effects of cardiac exposure to radiation and anthracyclines". Blood . 2017;129:2257-2265.
119. "Meta-analysis of association between mediastinal radiotherapy and long-term heart failure". Am J Cardiol . 2016;118:1685-1691.
11.3. HF and Pregnancy
1. "Pre-pregnancy counseling for women with heart disease: a prospective study". Int J Cardiol . 2017;240:374-378.
2. "Outcome of pregnancy in patients with structural or ischaemic heart disease: results of a registry of the European Society of Cardiology". Eur Heart J . 2013;34:657-665.
3. "Experiences of women with cardiac disease in pregnancy: a systematic review and metasynthesis". BMJ Open . 2018;8: e022755.
4. "Maternal and fetal outcomes of subsequent pregnancies in women with peripartum cardiomyopathy". N Engl J Med . 2001;344:1567-1571.
5. "Risk of subsequent pregnancy in women with a history of peripartum cardiomyopathy". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2014;64:1629-1636.
6. "Outcome of subsequent pregnancies in patients with a history of peripartum cardiomyopathy". Eur J Heart Fail . 2017;19:1723-1728.
7. "Maternal and fetal prognosis of subsequent pregnancy in black African women with peripartum cardiomyopathy". BMC Cardiovasc Disord . 2018;18:119.
8. "Subsequent pregnancy outcomes in patients with peripartum cardiomyopathy". Obstet Gynecol . 2018;131:322-327.
9. "Peripartum cardiomyopathy: inflammatory markers as predictors of outcome in 100 prospectively studied patients". Eur Heart J . 2006;27:441-446.
10. "Improved outcomes in peripartum cardiomyopathy with contemporary". Am Heart J . 2006;152:509-513.
11. "Long-term follow-up in peripartum cardiomyopathy patients with contemporary treatment: low mortality, high cardiac recovery, but significant cardiovascular co-morbidities". Eur J Heart Fail . 2019;21:1534-1542.
12. "Peripartum cardiomyopathy: ten year experience at a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan". BMC Res Notes . 2013;6:495.
13. "2018 ESC guidelines for the management of cardiovascular diseases during pregnancy". Eur Heart J . 2018;39:3165-3241.
14. "Pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of peripartum cardiomyopathy: a position statement from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology Study Group on peripartum cardiomyopathy". Eur J Heart Fail . 2019;21:827-843.
15. "Use of medication for cardiovascular disease during pregnancy: JACC state-of-the-art review". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2019;73:457-476.
16. "Current diagnostic and treatment strategies for specific dilated cardiomyopathies: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association". Circulation . 2016;134:e579-e646.
17. "Cardiovascular considerations in caring for pregnant patients: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association". Circulation . 2020;141:e884-e903.
18. "Cardiomyopathy and pregnancy". Heart . 2019;105:1543-1551.
19. "Peripartum cardiomyopathy: JACC state-of-the-art review". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2020;75:207-221.
20. "Peripartum cardiomyopathy". BMJ . 2019;364: k5287–k14.
21. "Heart failure and pregnancy: thinking beyond peripartum cardiomyopathy". J Card Fail . 2021;27:153-156.
22. "Heart failure in pregnant women with cardiac disease: data from the ROPAC". Heart . 2014;100:231-238.
23. "Clinical characteristics of patients from the worldwide registry on peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM): EURObservational Research Programme in conjunction with the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology Study Group on PPCM". Eur J Heart Fail . 2017;19:1131-1141.
24. "Heart failure in pregnant women: a concern across the pregnancy continuum". Circ Heart Fail . 2018;11: e004005.
25. "Temporal trends in incidence and outcomes of peripartum cardiomyopathy in the United States: a nationwide population-based study". J Am Heart Assoc . 2014;3: e001056.
26. "Characteristics and in-hospital outcomes of peripartum cardiomyopathy diagnosed during delivery in the United States from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) Database". J Card Fail . 2016;22:512-519.
27. "Epidemiology and outcomes of peripartum cardiomyopathy in the United States: findings from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample". J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) . 2016;17:756-761.
28. "Hypertensive diseases of pregnancy increase risk of readmission with heart failure: a national readmissions database study". Mayo Clin Proc . 2019;94:811-819.
29. "Heart failure in late pregnancy and postpartum: incidence and long-term mortality in Sweden from 1997 to 2010". J Card Fail . 2017;23:370-378.
30. "Risk prediction for peripartum cardiomyopathy in delivering mothers: a validated risk model: PPCM risk prediction model". J Card Fail . 2021;27:159-167.
31. "Phenotyping and outcome on contemporary management in a German cohort of patients with peripartum cardiomyopathy". Basic Res Cardiol . 2013;108:366.
32. "Genome-wide significance and replication of the chromosome 12p11.22 locus near the PTHLH gene for peripartum cardiomyopathy". Circ Cardiovasc Genet . 2011;4:359-366.
33. "Rare variant mutations in pregnancy-associated or peripartum cardiomyopathy". Circulation . 2010;121:2176-2182.
34. "Titin gene mutations are common in families with both peripartum cardiomyopathy and dilated cardiomyopathy". Eur Heart J . 2014;35:2165-2173.
35. "Shared genetic predisposition in peripartum and dilated cardiomyopathies". N Engl J Med . 2016;374:233-241.
36. "A cathepsin D-cleaved 16 kDa form of prolactin mediates postpartum cardiomyopathy". Cell . 2007;128:589-600.
37. "Evaluation of bromocriptine in the treatment of acute severe peripartum cardiomyopathy: a proof-of-concept pilot study". Circulation . 2010;121:1465-1473.
38. "Bromocriptine for the treatment of peripartum cardiomyopathy: a multicentre randomized study". Eur Heart J . 2017;38:2671-2679.
39. "Bromocriptine in management of peripartum cardiomyopathy: a randomized study on 96 women in Burkina Faso". J Cardiol Clin Res . 2017;5:1098.
40. "The effect of bromocriptine on left ventricular functional recovery in peripartum cardiomyopathy: insights from the BRO-HF retrospective cohort study". ESC Heart Fail . 2019;6:27-36.
41. "Bromocriptine treatment in patients with peripartum cardiomyopathy and right ventricular dysfunction". Clin Res Cardiol . 2019;108:290-297.
42. "Cardiogenic shock complicating peripartum cardiomyopathy: importance of early left ventricular unloading and bromocriptine therapy". Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care . 2020;9:173-182.
43. "Long-term prognosis, subsequent pregnancy, contraception and overall management of peripartum cardiomyopathy: practical guidance paper from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology Study Group on Peripartum Cardiomyopathy". Eur J Heart Fail . 2018;20:951-962.
44. "Comparison of clinical characteristics and outcomes of peripartum cardiomyopathy between African American and non-African American women". JAMA Cardiol . 2017;2:1256-1260.
45. "Right ventricular function in peripartum cardiomyopathy at presentation is associated with subsequent left ventricular recovery and clinical outcomes". Circ Heart Fail . 2016;9: e002756.
46. "Clinical outcomes for peripartum cardiomyopathy in North America: results of the IPAC study (Investigations of Pregnancy-Associated Cardiomyopathy)". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2015;66:905-914.
47. "Impact of preeclampsia on clinical and functional outcomes in women with peripartum cardiomyopathy". Circ Heart Fail . 2017;10: e003797.
48. "Evaluation of the clinical relevance of baseline left ventricular ejection fraction as a predictor of recovery or persistence of severe dysfunction in women in the United States with peripartum cardiomyopathy". J Card Fail . 2011;17:426-430.
49. "One-year cardiovascular outcomes in patients with peripartum cardiomyopathy". J Card Fail . 2018;24:711-715.
50. "Preventing complications in pregnant women with cardiac disease". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2020;75:1443-1452.
51. "Pregnancy in women with a cardiomyopathy: outcomes and predictors from a retrospective cohort". Arch Cardiovasc Dis . 2018;111:199-209.
52. "Postpartum cardiovascular outcomes among women with heart disease from a nationwide study". Am J Cardiol . 2019;123:2006-2014.
53. "Systematic review of pregnancy in women with inherited cardiomyopathies". Eur J Heart Fail . 2011;13:584-594.
54. "Maternal and fetal outcomes in pregnant women with heart failure". Heart . 2018;104:1949-1954.
55. "High-risk cardiac disease in pregnancy: part I". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2016;68:396-410.
56. "Global cardiac risk assessment in the Registry Of Pregnancy And Cardiac disease: results of a registry from the European Society of Cardiology". Eur J Heart Fail . 2016;18:523-533.
57. "Pregnancy outcomes in women with heart disease: the CARPREG II study". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2018;71:2419-2430.
58. "Predictors of pregnancy complications in women with congenital heart disease". Eur Heart J . 2010;31:2124-2132.
59. "Major congenital malformations after first-trimester exposure to ACE inhibitors". N Engl J Med . 2006;354:2443-2451.
60. "Adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with first-trimester exposure to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Pharmacol Res Perspect . 2020;8: e00644.
61. "Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and the risk of congenital malformations". Obstet Gynecol . 2017;129:174-184.
62. "Lack of evidence for feminization of males exposed to spironolactone in utero: a systematic review". J Am Acad Dermatol . 2019;80:1147-1148.
63. "Beta-blockers and fetal growth restriction in pregnant women with cardiovascular disease". Circ J . 2016;80:2221-2226.
64. "Beta-blocker use in pregnancy and the risk for congenital malformations: an international cohort study". Ann Intern Med . 2018;169:665-673.
65. "Beta-blocker use in pregnancy and risk of specific congenital anomalies: a European case-malformed control study". Drug Saf . 2018;41:415-427.
66. "Postpartum cardiomyopathy and considerations for breastfeeding". Card Fail Rev . 2018;4:112-118.
67. "Breastfeeding, cellular immune activation, and myocardial recovery in peripartum cardiomyopathy". J Am Coll Cardiol Basic Trans Science . 2019;4:291-300.
68. "To breastfeed or not to breastfeed with peripartum cardiomyopathy". J Am Coll Cardiol Basic Trans Science . 2019;4:301-303.
69. "Breastfeeding in patients with heart failure: lack of evidence and consensus". J Am Coll Cardiol Basic Trans Science . 2019;4:866-867.
70. "Predictors of left ventricular recovery in a cohort of peripartum cardiomyopathy patients recruited via the internet". Int J Cardiol . 2012;154:27-31.
71. "Transfer of drugs and other chemicals into human milk". Pediatrics . 2001;108:776-789.
72. "Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD)". https://wwwncbinlmnihgov/books/NBK501922/. Accessed
October 2, 2020 .73. "N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide predicts cardiovascular complications in pregnant women with congenital heart disease". Eur Heart J . 2014;35:708-715.
74. "B-type natriuretic peptide in pregnant women with heart disease". J Am Coll Cardiol . 2010;56:1247-1253.
75. "Cardiomyopathy and preeclampsia". Circulation . 2018;138:2359-2366.
76. "Bromocriptine for the treatment of peripartum cardiomyopathy: comparison of outcome with a Danish cohort". Eur Heart J . 2018;39:3476-3477.
12.1. Performance Measurement
1. "Improving evidence-based care for heart failure in outpatient cardiology practices: primary results of the Registry to Improve the Use of Evidence-Based Heart Failure Therapies in the Outpatient Setting (IMPROVE HF)". Circulation . 2010;122:585-596.
2. "Association between process performance measures and 1-year mortality among patients with incident heart failure: a Danish nationwide study". Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes . 2019;5:28-34.
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13.1. Palliative and Supportive Care, Shared Decision-Making, and End-of-Life
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14.1. Patient-Reported Outcomes
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